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Epi/PH > Miniblock 1 > Flashcards

Miniblock 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Of the >1400 species of pathogens that can infect humans, zoonoses account for __%

A

61

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2
Q

Zoonoses account for __% of emerging diseases.

A

75

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3
Q

Define reservoir

A

habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies (humans, animals, or the environment)

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4
Q

List and define the different modes/routes of transmission.

A

Vertical & horizontal(direct(projection & contact) & indirect(vehicle(fomite & common vehicle) & vector (biological & mechanical))

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5
Q

What are the 3 q’s asked when figuring out if something is a reservoir.

A
  1. Is it naturally infected with the pathogen?
  2. Can that species of animal (etc.) maintain the
    pathogen over time?
  3. Can this source transmit the disease to a new, susceptible host?
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6
Q

T/F and explain why.

Infection is the same as disease and/or infectivity.

A

F.

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7
Q

What type of curve will show an exposure followed by waves of secondary and tertiary cases? It is also associated with contagious diseases.

A

Propagated source

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8
Q

What type of curve will show all animals exposed at once to the same source of infection allowing you to determine a minimum, average, and maximum incubation time?

A

Common source single point exposure

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9
Q

What type of curve uses animals exposed at different times but to the same source? Incubation period is not clearly shown on this curve.

A

Common source with intermittent exposure

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10
Q

What are the 3 big factors that affect the shape of an epidemiological curve? Give examples for each.

A 
Host:
– immunity or other resistance to disease
– direct transmission 
Agent:
– infectiousness of agent
– latent and incubation periods
– duration of an activity
 Environment:
 – especially important for indirect routes of transmission
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11
Q

What are the 4 determinants needed when assessing if an animals is at risk?

A

Primary, secondary, intrinsic, and extrinsic.

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12
Q

Compare primary to secondary determinant.

A

Primary is a major contributing factor (usually necessary), as where secondary is a factor that makes the disease more or less likely (predisposing or enabling).

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13
Q

Compare intrinsic to extrinsic determinants.

A

Intrinsic is internal (age, breed, sex). Extrinsic is outside factors such as housing or medical treatment.

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14
Q

Using bovine shipping fever as an example give a primary and secondary factor for both intrinsic and extrinsic.

A

IP: immuno naïve animals
IS: young animals
EP: exposure to shipping fever
ES: mixing Cattle

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15
Q

Out of host, agent, and environment which 2 are extrinsic factors? Give examples of each.

A

Agent:
activity, pathogenicity, the arguments, immunogenicity, mutation rate, resistance

environment:
demographics, climate, housing, crowding/density, diet, stress.

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16
Q

Out of host, agents, and environment which 1 is an intrinsic factor? Give examples.

A

Host:

age, sex & behavior, genotype, greed, nutrition, and immunity.

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17
Q

What is the idea behind herd immunity?

A

Infectious diseases can be contained in the population’s resistance to infection is higher enough.

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18
Q

True or false, correct if false: emerging and reemerging diseases are the same thing.

A

False. Emerging is an unknown disease. A reemerging disease is a disease that was known and was on the decline, but has now become more common.

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19
Q

Name the 5 steps/stages of cross species disease emergence.

A
  1. Pathogen exclusive to an animal reservoir
  2. Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals, but no transmission among them
  3. Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with a few cycles of transmission among them
  4. Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with sustained transmission among them
  5. Pathogen exclusive to humans/new animal reservoir
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20
Q

What are the 4 drivers to pathogen emergence?

A

– land use changes
– food and agricultural system
– human behavior
– environmental systems

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21
Q

What are the 4 major determinants of emergence? Name their subcategories.

A 
Pathogen:
– type of agent
– mutation/change
Reservoir:
– phylogenetic distance
Transmission:
 – reservoir size
– pathogen prevalence
– contact frequency
Host:
– susceptibility
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22
Q

True or false: the zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be associated with emerging diseases.

A

True

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23
Q

What makes pathogen adaptation and change so dangerous?

A

It can enhance transmissibility within or between species. Can also allow for evasion of host immunity.

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24
Q

Why is phylogenetic distance between reservoir and new host important?

A

Pathogens are more likely to cross between closely related species and distant ones. (Best transmission is within the same species)
*pathogens that somehow cross between distantly related species often cause different, often more severe disease.

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25
Q

Why is the new species important to disease emergence?

A

Because of susceptibility. The animal might be in immuno compromised allowing for easier infection.

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26
Q

What factors can increase transmission?

A

-Increase abundance of reservoir
– increasing pathogen prevalence in the reservoir
– increasing contact between the reservoir and the new host.
– Development and changing ecosystems
– animal trade
– travel and tourism
– intentional release (bioterrorism EX: anthrax in US in 2001)

27
Q

What are the 4 portals of entry for transboundary disease?

A

-Animals/animal products (global legal and trade, importation of life animals/animal meat/products)
– vectors
– fomites
– people

28
Q

How can you prevent disease spread?

A

–Proper practice (responsible antimicrobial use, educate clients and the public)
– small animals (healthy pets = healthy owners)
– food animals (Healthy food animals = reduced burden of pathogens at slaughter, food inspection, improving biosecurity security for both commercial and backyard farms)

29
Q

How can you control animal disease outbreak? Select all that apply.
A.Mass culling
B. Quarantine
C. Sacrifice the firstborn
D. test and slaughter
E. vaccination/ring vaccination
F. Prophylactic antibiotic use
G. All are reasonable ways to control disease outbreak
H. None of these are reasonable ways to control disease outbreak

A

A, B, D, E, F

30
Q

Name the four phases of disaster management.

A

Mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery.

31
Q

Describe mitigation.

A

It is an attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters they.

32
Q

What are the three long-term measures they need to focus on that involved with mitigation?

A

Part of recovery
can be structural
can be nonstructural (procedural changes)

33
Q

Describe preparedness.

A

Plans and preparations made to save lives and property, and to facilitate response operations.
*Provisions to ensure that all resources/services needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly mobilized and

34
Q

List few examples of veterinary preparedness.

A

Emergency lighting, multiple exits, unobstructed escape, emergency and evacuation plans.
*Other is listed on slide 17 of disaster management set.

35
Q

Provide an example of a response.

A

Static and medical clinics.

36
Q

Give an example of recovery.

A

Reconstructing physical structures.

37
Q 
Which of the below is a companion animal issue in disasters?
A. Adoption
B. Carcass disposal
C. Animal abandonment
D. All of the above
E. Two of the above
A

E. (A and C)

*more on slide 20 of disastermanagement

38
Q

Name a few special considerations with large animal infectious disease outbreak.

A 
– veterinary manpower
–carcass disposal from  casualties
– animal identification and premise ID
– time from diagnosis to slaughter
*rest on slide 21 ofdisaster management said
39
Q

Why are veterinarians part of the disaster management team?

A

–They’re trust members of the community, and trained advisor to local authorities.

*rest on slide 22 of disaster management set

40
Q

What does CART stand for? What is it?

A

County animal response team.

–Intended for use by local governments and agencies to take immediate action providing a means of care to minimize and suffering of the large-scale disaster.
–Utilizes local resources.
– Establish relationships with local agencies (Ex. EM, Sheriff, buyer, animal control, Ag Ext)
– familiarity with territory and special consideration (special populations/features)

41
Q

What does SART stand for? What is it?

A

State animal response team

– interagency organization dedicated to preparing, planning, responding, and recovering during animal emergencies
– public-private partnerships, joining governmental agencies with private goals
– training to facilitate a safe and efficient response to disasters on the local, county, state and federal level

42
Q

What level is requested when the local veterinary community is overwhelmed (example. Clinic’s, shelters, EM teams, farms, local animal response teams)? (Gen. group not each specific name)

A

Federal level veterinarian involvement in animal disaster response

43
Q

What groups fall under federal level veterinary involvement in animal disasters? (Four)

A

– veterinary medical assistance team (VMAT)
– national veterinary response to (NVRT)
– national animal health emergency response Corp. (NAHERC)
– US Public health service

44
Q

What are the three primary functions of VMAT?

A

– early assessment volunteer teams
– basic treatment volunteer teams
– training

45
Q

What are the responsibilities of NVRT?(10)

A
46
Q

What is NFR and what does it stand for?

A

It stands for national response framework (previously the national response plan), and it establishes a comprehensive, national, all hazards approach to domestic incident response.

47
Q

True or false: the NRF is only in effect when needed.

A

False. It is always in effect, can be partially or fully implement.

48
Q

What are the 15 ESFs?

A

-Transportation
-Telecommunications and technology
-Public Works and engineering
-Firefighting
-Emergency management
management
-Mass care, housing, human services
-Resource support
-Public health and medical services
-Urban search and rescue
-Oil and hazardous materials response
-Agriculture and Natural Resource
-Energy
-Public Safety and Security
-Community Recovery, Mitigation, and Economic Stabilization
-Emergency Public Information and External Communications

49
Q

What is ICS’s 5 management functions?

A 
– Incident command
– logistics
– operations (veterinarians primarily)
– planning (veterinarians)
– finance and administration
50
Q

Why are diseases chosen to be monitored?

A

They either have an adverse impact on agriculture, or pose some form of human health risk.

51
Q

What is OIE?

A

It is the world organization for animal health. He is responsible with internationally reportable diseases.

52
Q

How fast must an OIE notifiable disease be reported in?

A

24 hours

53
Q

Who is responsible for regulating all animal import and export the US?

A

USDA

54
Q

What are the 8 enzootic animal diseases?

A
  1. Brucellosis (livestock) aka “Bang’s disease”
  2. Mycobacterium bovis aka “bovine TB”
  3. M. avium paratuberculosis aka “Johne’s disease”
  4. Pseudorabies
  5. Prions: scrapie, BSE, CWD
  6. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) aka “Coggins”
  7. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
  8. Low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI)
55
Q

True or false: each state has their own list of notifiable diseases of animals.

A

True

56
Q

What is the role of the clinical veterinary?

A

They provide vaccinations and testing services for regulatory diseases. They also perform exams and complete health certificates for animal movement.

57
Q

What is the role of the state/USDA veterinarian?

A

They monitor movement of animals between states and between countries, manage animal disease control programs, investigate possible cases of foreign/reportable diseases, investigating animal cruelty cases, provide guidance to veterinarians on “paperwork for import/export, testing, etc”.

58
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Foreign animal disease

59
Q

What happens if an FAD is suspected?

A

Veterinarian with additional training in FAD’s will be immediately dispatched.

60
Q

Can any lab in the USA diagnose a FAD?

A

No, only a USDA lab.

61
Q

What are the control measures for a FAD?(6)

A

– Quarantine zones for animals (and humans?)
– Import/export or trade restrictions
– Testing animals for disease/exposure
– Biosecurity for farms in the region
– Mass culling of all susceptible animals within a
given distance of the outbreak
– Ring vaccination or treatment of animals

62
Q

What are the two different categories of being USDA accredited?

A

Category one: pets, lab animals, etc.

category two: food animals, horses, birds, zoo animals

63
Q

Why do you need to the USDA accredited?

A

So you can write health certificates.

64
Q

What are 2 common mistakes made in vet med?

A

– Withholding information

– over assurance of audience.

Epi/PH (2 decks)

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