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Epi/PH > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the USDA prohibited import diseases? (7)

A
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2
Q

Look at slide 5 Set 1, I skipped

A

.

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3
Q

For foot and mouth disease what are sheep/goats, pigs, cattle considered to be? (Maintenance/amplifier/indicator)
Whichcan be carriers for foot and mouth disease? F

A

Sheep/goat: maintenance, can carry in pharyngeal tissue for 4 – 6 months.
Pigs: amplifier, not able to carry
cattle: indicator, and can carry in pharyngeal tissue for 6 – 24 months

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4
Q

What are your clinical signs for foot and mouth disease in sheep and goats?

A 
Mild, if any:
– fever
– lameness
– oral lesions
*makes diagnosis and prevention of spread difficult
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5
Q

What are clinical signs for foot and mouth disease in pigs?

A

Hoof lesions

More severe than in cattle

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6
Q

What are clinical signs for foot and mouth disease in cattle?

A

-Oral lesions (vesicles)
Tongue, dental pad, gums, soft palate, nostrils, muzzle
Excess salivation, drooling, nasal discharge

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7
Q

Look at slides 11-12 set 1, disease was crossed out in Maine slide.

A

.

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8
Q

What causes classical swine fever?

What are the characterizations of this disease?

A

Flavivirus

Characterized by fever, loss of appetite, weakness, erythematous lesions especially in light-skinned animals, and severe leukopenia
*look at slide 13-14 set 1 for more information

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9
Q

What is African swine fever?

What are the reservoirs?

Incubation period?

Clinical signs?
Look at slide 15/1 for more info

A

An acute highly contagious usually fatal disease of swine that is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (genus Asfivirus, family Asfarviridae), that resembles but is more severe than CSF, and that is indigenous to Africa.

Warthogs

5 to 19 days

Clinical signs

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10
Q

Look at slides 17-20/1 swine the secular disease

A

.

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11
Q

KNOW SLIDE 21/1 FOR EXAM IT IS STARED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

.

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12
Q

BSE slides 22-24/1(Questions are not comprehensive)
How long is its incubation?
What is the percent morbidity and percent mortality?

A

2- 8 years (incubation)

2-3% morbidity, 100% mortality

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13
Q

Newcastle disease slides 25-28/1 (questions are not comprehensive)
How can Newcastle disease be transmitted directly? How Indirectly?C

A

direct: Contact with feces, respiratory secretions
indirect: feed, water, equipment, human clothing
* contaminated or incompletely inactivated vaccines.

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Newcastle’s disease?

A

– Drop in a production.
– Numerous deaths within 24 to 48 hours.
– Deathscontinued for 7 to 10 days

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15
Q

Avian influenza slides 29-35/1 (not comprehensive questions)

will

A

.

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16
Q

What animals are effected w/ HPAI (high pathogenicity Avian influenza)?(Wild birds, cage birds, poultry, mammals)

A

WB: water fowl, shorebirds
CB: passerines
P:
M: pigs, horses, mink, cats, dogs, ferrets, stone martens, palm civets, and others

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17
Q

If an animal has any of these USDA Interstate Movement diseases they aren’t allowed to move between states. What diseases are they? (9)

A
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18
Q

What are the OIE reportable diseases? (14)

A
  • Foot and mouth disease
  • Swine vesicular disease
  • Peste des petits ruminants
  • Lumpy skin disease
  • Bluetongue
  • African horse sickness
  • Classical swine fever
  • Newcastle disease
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Rinderpest
  • Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Rift Valley fever
  • Sheep pox and goat pox
  • African swine fever
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza
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19
Q

Look at slide 44/1 for “new” programs. Pay attention to red.

A

.

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20
Q

What are the 3 big enzootic bacterial agents?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Francisella tularensis
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21
Q

What area is Francisella tularensis found in?

A

2 states look @ slide 4

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22
Q

What animal is Francisella tularensis most likely affect?

A

Domestic cats
Humans

*also can be found in sheep

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23
Q

What is Francisella tularensis primary long term reservoir?

A

Wildlife (Rodents and lagomorphs)

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24
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted? (Sheep, Cats, People)

A

Sheep: tick-borne
Cats: eating infected rodent
Humans: tick, direct contact w/ animals/carcasses, aerosol (less common)

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25
Q

Look at slide 7 for graph

A

.

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26
Q

Was the primary cycle for plague?

A

rodent-flea-rodent

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27
Q

What are the hosts for plague?

A

Squirrels, prairie dogs, mice, with rats, chipmunks, rats

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28
Q 
Which animal is susceptible to plague?
A. Rats
B. Human
C. Dogs
D. Cats
A

D. Cats

Humans can be infected by cats

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29
Q

What are the ways that people can be infectedt by plague?

A

Levite, aerosol from pneumonic cases of plague, directly from an infected animal blood or abscess

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30
Q

Where the clinical signs of plague in cats?

A

Fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis, lymphadenopathy often located in the cervical region

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31
Q

Where the clinical signs of plague in People?

A

Similar to those in Cats

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32
Q

How can anthrax herbivores, carnivores, all species, veterinarians?

A

Herbivores: ingest spores in soil while grazing.
carnivores: eat infected herbivores
all species: spores in aerosoliozed soil where other contaminated fomites
veterinarians: aerosol or percutaneous exposure to light from an infected animal

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33
Q

What animal you see most of veterinary cases of anthrax in?

A

Cattle

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34
Q

What are the reservoirs for hantavirus?

A

Rodents

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35
Q

Will you see any symptoms in rodents that are infected with hantavirus?Y

A

No, they are asymptomatic.

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36
Q

How is hantavirus transmitted primarily?

A

Aerosols (inhalation of the viruses in urine orfeces

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37
Q

How is hantavirus transmitted secondarily?

A

Bite

38
Q

Up to what % is human cases of hantavirus fatal?

A

40%

39
Q

What are the two main ways you can have a fungal disease transmitted?

A

Infection from spores in the environment that become aerosolized and are inhaled.

Bats/birds can be reservoirs, fecal excretion = soil contamination.

40
Q

Where does coccidioide immitis Amplify?

A

In people, dogs, cats, cattle, horses

slide 25 picture of where its found

41
Q

Where is histoplasmosis found?

Who does it affect?

A

Soil or buildings w/ bird feces or Bat guano

people, dogs, cats

42
Q

Where is blastomyces dermatitidis found?

Who does it affect?

A

bird/bat feces

people, dogs, cats horses……..

43
Q

How is influenza transmited from animal to human?( name animals that trans)

A

only documented for birds and swine

44
Q

What are your approaches to meet hygiene and meat inspections/safety?

A

For poultry you do site, smell, and touch.P

45
Q

What is the goal of risk-based meat inspection?

A

Reduce the burden of disease in the population.

46
Q

How do you reduce the burden of disease in the population based on your inspection? (3)
*also look at slide 7/11 for more info

A

1.Identify and evaluate foodborne dz risks
– Prioritize foodborne dz risks by their dz burden – Target those risks with the greatest burden of Dz
2. Develop risk management strategies
–Good hygienic practices, Inspection, HACCP and other controls
– Aimed at reducing the burden of disease in the population
3. Measure effectiveness (Dz burden) and adjust as needed
– Aimed at ensuring the risk management strategies reduce the burden of dz in the population

47
Q

What are the five components of the control for meat safety?S

A
  1. Food Law and Regulations
  2. Federal Meat Inspection Act, Poultry Products Act, Humane Slaughter of Animals Act
  3. State Acts and Regs (for intra-State products)
  4. Control Management
  5. USDA-FSIS (Veterinary Services)
  6. State Depts. of Health/Ag (for intra-State products)
  7. Inspection Services
  8. USDA-FSIS (Veterinary Services)
  9. State Depts. of Health/Ag (for intra-State products)
  10. Laboratory Services:
    • Food Monitoring and Epidemiological Data
  11. Information, Education, Communication and Training
48
Q

What is the role of USDA-FSIS? (4)

A

1.

49
Q

What are the objectives of meat inspection? (4)

A

1.

50
Q

What does federal meat inspection do? (4)

*look at the slides 13/11 for labeling

A
  1. Ensure that animals used for food products are free of foodborne pathogens
    – Ensure healthy animals enter the food chain
    • Antemortem inspection
    • Postmortem inspection (organoleptic)
    – Reduce pathogens in meat and meat products
    • HACCP and risk based approaches to reducing pathogens
  2. Clearly label foods that pass inspection
  3. Minimize contamination during processing
  4. Monitor for drug residues and pathogens
51
Q

What do inspection legends look like and what do they mean?

*Slide 15/11 has a picture of legend

A
52
Q

Slide 16 to 18/11 are extra info.

A

.

53
Q

What does HACCP stand for?
What is it?

*Slide 20/11 is broad summary

A

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point.

A system for preventing contamination of food during process.

54
Q

After 1996 HACCP became mandatory for what animal food products?
What non animal related food?

*look at slide 22/11 for more info

A

Meats and seafood

juice processing facilities (juices)

55
Q

What are the seven steps of HACCP?

  • look at slides 24-30/11 for info on each step.
A
  1. Analyze hazards.
  2. Identify critical control points.
  3. Establish preventive measures with critical limits for each control point.
  4. Establish procedures to monitor the critical control points.
  5. Establish corrective actions to be taken.
  6. Establish procedures to verify that the system is working.
  7. Establish effective recordkeeping to document the HACCP system.
56
Q

What is the concept of one health?

A

It is the collaborative effect of the multiple health science professions, together with their related disciplines and institutions working locally, nationally, and globally to attain optimal health for people, domestic animals, wildlife, plans, and our environment.

57
Q

What is the scope of one health?(15)

*look at slide 6/10 info, if answers disappear.

A

– convergence of human, animal, plant health and the health of the environment.
– Human animal bond.
– Professional education and training.
– Research.
– Ensuring a safe food and water supply that these high quality, available, and affordable.
– Agriculture production and land use.
– Natural resources and conservation.
– Disease surveillance, prevention, and response (infection versus chronic).
– Commonality of diseases between humans and animals.
– Clinical medicine demand for collaboration between health professions.
– Environmental agent detection and response.
– Disaster preparedness/response.
– Public policy and regulation.
– Global trade and commerce.
– Communication and outreach.

58
Q

Why is one health important?(3) (answers can also be found on slide 7/10)

A

– 75% of all emerging human infectious diseases in the past three decades have originated from animals.
– The increasing global population creates a growing demand for adequate healthcare, and safe food and water. Interdisciplinary collaboration, sharing of resources/ information, and cooperative technology development between human, veterinary, and environmental professionals will be essential to meet these demands
– The existence of the human‐animal bond impacts the health of both people and animals

59
Q

History of one health it slides 8 – 11/10.

A

.

60
Q

How is one health achieved? (7) (slide 12/10)

A
  • Joint educational efforts between human medical, veterinary medical schools, schools of public health, environmental schools
  • Joint communication efforts in journals, conferences, and via allied health networks
  • Joint efforts in clinical care throughout the assessment, treatment, and prevention of cross‐spp. disease transmission
  • Joint cross‐spp. disease surveillance and control efforts in public health
  • Joint efforts in better understanding of cross‐spp. Disease transmission through comparative medicine and environmental research
  • Joint efforts in the development and evaluation of new diagnostic methods, medicines, and vaccines for the prevention and control of diseases across spp.
  • Joint efforts to inform and educate political leaders and the public sector through accurate media publications
61
Q

What are some organizational examples of one health? (2)

A

AVMA and American College of preventive medicine.

*Possibly slides 15 – 19/10 could also be considered

62
Q

What are some examples of one health? (Slides 20 – 26/10)

A

The study that had guinea pigs join forces, cows as source of strep bacterium.

antibiotic resistance among wildlife.
*A lot more examples slides 20 – 26/10

63
Q

What are the future challenges for one health?(slide 27/10)

A

Adopting a One Health paradigm holds tremendous promise…
– However:
• Requires a new mindset that is disruptive to the status quo. Old systems are sharply divided among diverse health professions, ecosystem science, and cultures/interests
“Practicing in silos”
• Competition for resources
• Shortage of practitioners
• Liability risk for professionals acting in an unfamiliar field
• Reluctance to collaborate with bureaucratic federal agencies
– Regarding educational shortcomings:
• Lack of collaborative interdisciplinary student programs
• Insufficient environmental training for health professionals
• Limited time and lack of funding for OH education

64
Q

What is the etiology for rabies? (Virus, hosts)

A

– Rhabdoviridae family, genus lyssavirus
– hosts: all mammals (not associated with bats outside of America)
•reservoir: dogs, skunks, raccoons, mongoose, bats
•spillover host: humans, cows

65
Q

What is the distribution for rabies?

A

Rabies is located on all continents except Antarctica. There are a few islands that are considered “free” of rabies.

66
Q

What is the burden of rabies on the world? (Human deaths & economic loss)

What type of countries where the largest burden of rabies? (Not exact country, think US verse St. Kitts)

A

60,000 human rabies deaths are estimated per year.
Costs the US approximately $8 billion a year.

Developing countries

67
Q

What animal is the single most important global reservoir for humans?

A 
Domestic dogs (greater than 95% of human cases)
*wildlife are important, especially in developed countries, such as Europeand North America
68
Q

Look at slides 10 – 13/9 for info on rabies in the US and the Caribbean, Along with other supplemental info.

A

.

69
Q

How is rabies primarily transmitted?

A

Through a bite.

*Agents are highly neurotrophic.

70
Q

After being bitten by an animal infected with rabies how does this virus travel (in the body)?(Works in animals not for human)

A

It enters the peripheral nerves, has centripetal travel by retrograde flow in acts of plasm of the nerves to CNS. It then replicates in the brain. Has centrifugal flow to intermediate organs, including the portal of exit, the salivary glands. Viral excretion is in the saliva.

71
Q

What are the signs you may see an animal infected with rabies? (Two stages)
*look at slides 22 – 23/9

A

Furious rabies stage (excitatory):
– anxious, restless, aggressive, vocal, hyperactive, ataxic
– cats greater than dogs
– horses may present as colic
Dumb Rabies (depressive):
– somnolent, depressed, ataxic, ascending paralysis
– dogs greater than cats
– ruminants, more often than curious
All: paralysis of muscles in throat = dysphagia, salivation, “hydrophobia”
– Increases transmission of virus
– CATTLE = “choke”

72
Q

What are the key aspects of management of rabies as recommended by the US national Association of State public health veterinarians? (4) (Slides 24 – 33/9)

A
  1. Vaccine should be given by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed veterinarian
    – Many state laws also require USDA accreditation
  2. Animal considered immunized after 28 days
  3. Booster 1 year later, “immediately” immunized
  4. Animals that can be legally vaccinated:
    – Dogs, cats, ferrets (all)
    – Horses (all)
    – Livestock: those that have frequent contact with people (petting zoos, etc.) or that are particularly valuable
    – No vaccines licensed for wolf‐hybrids!
    – Use in zoos considered off‐label
73
Q

How do you diagnose rabies? (3)(slide 34/9)

A

1.

74
Q

How can you control the spread of rabies?

A

Vaccinate your pets.

75
Q

What is the basis for human rabies prophylaxis, as recommended by the US advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP)? (Slides 34 – 43/9)

A

– Preexposure vaccine
– wound care
– postexposure vaccine

*look at slides 34 – 43/9

76
Q

To what extent are animal bites a public health and veterinary staff problem?(Slide 4, 6, 7, 10, 11/8) (look at 10 and 11 if nothing else)

A

Veterinarians:
– 59% Workmen’s Comp. claims made by vets and veterinary staff for bite wounds.
– 30% are for cat bites
Public:
– 2% of US population.
– 80% to 90% of animal bite wounds treated in the ER are from dogs, 10% are from cats.
– 60% of dog bite victims are children under the age of 12 (males more than females) ( often bitten on the head and neck)
– adults are bitten on the extremities

77
Q

What is a AVMA’s position on breed bands?(5)(slide 13 (answer), 14)

A

*Breed bans may cause a false sense of security: Any breed can bite!

  1. Heredity isn’t the only cause of biting behavior
  2. No reliable denominator for # of dogs of each breed
  3. No correction of data for repeat biters
  4. Unreliable reporting of breed by owners / reports
  5. Changing popularity of breeds over time
78
Q

What is some good advice to prevent dog bites?(13)(slides 16 – 17/8)

A
79
Q

What it is some good advice to prevent cat bites? (2) (slides 19-20/8)

A
  1. Less well studied than dog bites – only 5-10% of animal bites in the population at large
  2. The majority of cat bites are inflicted by “known” cats
80
Q

What are some other animal related injuries for vets? (10) (slides 24-27)

A 
– animal bites
– Being hit/kicked by animals
– being hit by falling or moving objects
– falls
– muscle aches and stress
– back injuries
– sprains and strains
– contusions and crushes
– needle stick injuries
– vehicle accidents
81
Q

What is the difference between classical swine and African swine fever?(Clinical signs/infected)

A

Classical swine fever will have conjunctivitis, normal diarrhea, and skin hemorrhages.
African swine fever will have bloody diarrhea and abortions with no conjunctivitis or skin hemorrhages.
*other signs between the two are virtually identical.

82
Q

How can Giardia and crypto be spread?

A

They can be spread through water due to fecal contamination.

83
Q

How you prevent people from getting guard or crypto?

A

Proper filtration of water will prevent the disease.

84
Q

What is the difference between Giardia and crypto?

A

Giardia will be chronic and more severe.

*Crypto cured with supportive treatment

85
Q

Where do most cases of Mycobacterium bovis happen?

A

Countries without pasteurization of milk order control programs in Cattle.

86
Q

How is Mycobacterium bovis transmitted to humans? What does it result in?

A

By aerosol results in pulmonary tuberculosis.

87
Q

What are some signs/outcomes of brucellosis? What bacteria is responsible for this?

A

– fever, abortions, pleomorphic symptoms

– Brucella species

88
Q

How is Brucella transmitted?T

A

When pasteurized milk, blood, urine, feces, semen, feed and water

89
Q

What is a physiological difference between Cryptosporidium and Giardia?

A

Crypto is coccidia as where Giardia is flagellated.

90
Q

What organdoes leptospirosis infect?

A

Kidneys (which will cause the excretion in urine)

91
Q

Where can you find leptospirosis? (Not exact location, think more like generalized area you might see all over the world.)

A

Warm freshwater/mud. (Summertime will lead to an increase in infections of this)

92
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

Ingestion of water contaminated with leptospirosis, mucous membranes/broken skin contact with water containing leptospirosis, or contact with animal urine containing leptospirosis.

Epi/PH (2 decks)

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