Mini test 2

Question 1

Chemical kinetics

Answer 1

The study of the rates of chemical reactions and the factors that influence reaction rates

Question 2

Reaction rate

& factors that affect it

Answer 2

A measure how rapidly a reaction occurs related to the rates of change in the concentration of reactants and products overtime

• physical states of reactants
• concentration
• temp
• catalysts

Question 3

Rate law

Answer 3

K[A^m[B]^n

Question 4

Rate order

Answer 4

Indicates how a certain variable effects the rate of reaction and how fast it can happen

Question 5

Zero order

Answer 5

The rate is independent of the concentration of a particular reactant

Question 6

Pseudo first order

Answer 6

Have one reactant much more concentrated than the other so that the smaller reactant doesn’t matter to the overall reaction rate creating a first order reaction

Question 7

Half life

Answer 7

How much time it would take to cut the initial concentration in half

Question 8

Collison theory

Answer 8

Explains how chemical reactions occur and why they happen at different rates

Molecules should collide
Orientation of molecules ( addition of catalyst)
Have enough energy

Question 9

Activation energy

Answer 9

The minimum amount of energy that must be produced video to a chemical reaction to initiate the process of transferring products to reactants

Use the arrihenius equation

Question 10

Reaction mechanism

Answer 10

Shows the step-by-step process to get the overall net reaction

Question 11

Elementary reaction

Answer 11

Steps written as true single steps

Question 12

Intermediate

Answer 12

Create in the first step used up in the second

Question 13

Catalyst

Answer 13

Present at the beginning present at the end

Speeds up the overall reaction by orienting the molecules correctly and lowers the activation energy

Homogenous catalyst: occurs in the same phase as the reacting molecules
Heterogeneous: exist in a different phase from the reacting molecules

Question 14

Rate determining step

Answer 14

The mechanism with the slowest step
This is what determines the rate law (can be manipulated to exclude intermediates if involved in the second or other than the first step)
**Always assume equilibrium in the fast steps

Question 15

Radionuclide

Answer 15

Atoms with an unstable nucleus spontaneously emit particles and electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays/photons)

Does this to reach a more stable state (one with less energy=less protons)

Radioactivity is independent of temp pressure andphysical state

Question 16

alpha decay

Answer 16

large nucleotide

becomes more stable by becoming smaller, emitting an alpha particle (He)

In a large nucleotide, it will either undergo alpha decay or spontaneous fission

Question 17

beta decay

Answer 17

too many neutrons in the neutron to proton ratio so emits a beta particle (electron)

**neutron is made up of proton and electron so beta emission is just splitting that

Question 18

gamma radiation

Answer 18

the neutron is in an excited state so it emits energy in the form of light

Question 19

electron capture

Answer 19

too many protons so forms a neutron from a proton and an electron

Question 20

positron emission

Answer 20

too many protons so it splits into a neutron and a positron (electron with a positive charge)

Question 21

binding energy

Answer 21

the energy required to separate nucleons (just one nucleon)

Question 22

**nuclear fusion

Answer 22

one of two ways to release binding energy: reaction in which two light nuclei join together to form a heavier one

Usually from a lighter atom wanting stability

opposite of fission

products are more stable than before

Question 23

nuclear fission

Answer 23

one of two ways to release binding energy: reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits into 2 lighter ones

sometimes this can cause a spontaneous chain reaction, but has to be at its critical mass in order to do so

opposite of fusion

products are more stable

Question 24

chain reaction

Answer 24

neutrons from the fission reaction split apart initiating more fission reactions

only possible with the critical mass, which is the minimum quantity of fissionable material needed to sustain a chain reaction

Question 25

neutron activation

Answer 25

atomic nuclei absorb free neutrons, creating unstable isotopes, thus radioactive atoms

Question 26

disintegration reaction

Answer 26

any process in which an atomic nucleus breaks up spontaneously into 2 or more fragments in a radioactive decay process or breaks up as a result of a collision with a high-energy particle or nuclear fragment

A=kN (A is ALWAYS in Bq)

***one disintegration per atom

Question 27

radioactive decay

Answer 27

the breaking up of an unstable nucleotide into a more stable state

Includes alpha, beta, gamma, EC, and PC

independent of pressure temperature and physical state (due to how far