Minerals, Vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
- Rickets in young animals (misshapen bones, joint enlargement, lameness, and stiffness)
- Osteomalacia in adult animals (weak and brittle bones)
- Poultry: soft beaks and bones, retarded growth, bowed legs, thin-shelled eggs, and reduced egg production
- Milk fever (parturient paresis) in cattle
- Tetany
A
Hypocalcemia calcium
2
Q
- Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption and bone deposition
- Excess phosphorus and magnesium decrease calcium absorption, replace calcium in bone, and increase calcium excretion
- The calcium:phosphorus ratio should be 1:1 or 2:1
- Ensure the absence of fluorine when using rock calcium phosphate, as it is toxic
- A high-fat diet forms calcium soaps of fatty acids, reducing calcium absorbability
A
Calcium (Hypercalcemia)
3
Q
- Rickets in young animals
- Osteomalacia in adult animals
- Reduced egg production in poultry
- Pica in cattle
- Stiff joints and muscular weakness (chronic deficiency)
- Poor fertility and reduced milk yield in cows
- Reduced egg production, hatchability, and shell thickness in poultry
- More common in cattle than in sheep
A
Phosphorus( Hypophosphatemia)
4
Q
- Vitamin D is involved in renal reabsorption and bone deposition
- Excess calcium and magnesium decrease phosphorus absorption
- The calcium:phosphorus ratio should be 1:1 or 2:1
- In male ruminants, excess phosphorus with magnesium may cause urinary calculi
- Excess phosphorus contributes to algal bloom
A
Phosphorus Hyperphosphatemia
5
Q
- Vasodilation
- Hyperirritability with convulsions, loss of equilibrium, and trembling
- Tetany (hypomagnesemic tetany)
A
Magnesium (Hypomagnesemia)
6
Q
- Excess magnesium upsets calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- Toxicity is unlikely
- Potassium reduces the efficiency of magnesium absorption in the rumen
A
Magnesium (Hypermagnesemia)
7
Q
- Reduced growth (reduced utilization of digested proteins and energy)
- Eye disturbances with corneal lesions
- Reproduction impairment (infertility in males, delayed sexual maturity in females)
- Decreased osmotic pressure, leading to dehydration
A
Sodium (Hyponatremia)
8
Q
- Salt toxicity readily occurs in nonruminants with levels above 8% in the diet
- Staggering gait
- Blindness, nervous disorders, and hypertension
A
Sodium ( hypernatremia)
9
Q
- Lethargic condition with a high incidence of comas and death
- Diarrhea, distended abdomen, and untidy appearance
A
Potassium (Hypokalemia)
10
Q
- Excess potassium reduces magnesium absorption
- Magnesium deficiency reduces potassium retention, leading to potassium deficiency
- High in distiller’s grain/draff
A
Potassium (hyperkalemia)
11
Q
- Microcytic-hypochromic anemia (less than normal amount of hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells)
- Anemia may be common in piglets unless iron is supplied
A
Deficiency: Iron
12
Q
- The calcium-phosphorus ratio influences iron absorption
- Copper is required for proper iron metabolism
- Pyridoxine deficiency reduces iron absorption
A
Toxicity: iron
13
Q
- Fading hair coat or lack of wool
- Nervous symptoms (lesions in the brain and spinal cord) or ataxia (enzootic ataxia and swayback in lambs)
- Lameness, swelling of joints, and fragility of bones
- Anemia
A
Copper deficiency
14
Q
- Excess molybdenum (along with sulfur; thiomolybdate CuMoS4) and zinc inhibits copper utilization and storage
- Toxicity occurs at levels above 250 ppm with much the same symptoms as deficiency and/or damage to liver cells
A
Copper toxicity
15
Q
Poor hair or feather development and slipping of wool
* Reduced growth, depressed appetite, poor FCR, rough and thickened skin or parakeratosis in swine
* Chicks: retarded growth, foot abnormalities, swollen hock syndrome
A
Zinc deficiency
16
Q
- High calcium or phytate ties up zinc
- Excess zinc interferes with copper metabolism and may cause anemia
A
Zinc toxicity
