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Earth Science > Minerals, Rocks, and Earth's Interior > Flashcards

Minerals, Rocks, and Earth's Interior Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare rocks to minerals.

A

Rocks are made of minerals.
Rocks are mixtures, minerals are pure.

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2
Q

Which mineral is used to make pottery?

A

Feldspar

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3
Q

Which mineral is used to make glass, and sometimes for jewelry?

A

Quartz

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4
Q

Which mineral is used to make baby powder?

A

Talc

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5
Q

Which mineral is used to make aluminum?

A

Bauxite

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6
Q

Which mineral is used to make copper?

A

Chalcopyrite

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7
Q

Which mineral is used to make lead?

A

Galena

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8
Q

Which mineral is used to make pencils?

A

Graphite

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9
Q

Which mineral is used to make iron?

A

Hematite and Magnetite

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10
Q

Which mineral is used to make limestone and marble?

A

Calcite

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11
Q

Which mineral is used to prevent tooth decay?

A

Fluorite

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12
Q

Which mineral is used to make wallboard (sheet rock)?

A

Gypsum

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13
Q

Which mineral is used to make salt?

A

Halite

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14
Q

How do you test the hardness of a mineral?

A

Try to scratch glass, then use your fingernail to try to scratch the mineral.

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15
Q

How do you test the streak of a mineral?

A

Rub the mineral on a ceramic tile, and check the color of the powder that is left on the tile.

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16
Q

Name the hardness of common materials (glass, fingernail, quartz, talc, diamond).

A

Glass = 5.5
Fingernail = 2.5
Quartz = 7
Talc = 1
Diamond = 10

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17
Q

Which mineral is magnetic?

A

Magnetite

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18
Q

Which mineral bubbles in acid?

A

Calcite

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19
Q

Which mineral tastes salty?

A

Halite

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20
Q

Which mineral smells like matches, or rotten eggs?

A

Sulfur

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21
Q

The scientist that invented the hardness scale for minerals.

A

Moh

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22
Q

Explain how Moh’s hardness scale works.

A

Higher numbers are harder than lower numbers, which means that a substance can scratch any other material with a smaller number, but it will be scratched by any other material with a higher number.

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23
Q

Which minerals are found in granite?

A

Mica, hornblende, quartz, and feldspar.

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24
Q

Name the three groups of rocks.

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

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25
Q

Which group of rocks was formed from magma or lava that cooled off and hardened into a rock?

A

Igneous Rocks

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26
Q

Which group of rocks was formed from particles of sand, silt, gravel, clay, or shells?

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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27
Q

Which group of rocks was formed when one type or rock was changed into a new type or rock by heat and pressure?

A

Metamorphic Rocks

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28
Q

Which type of igneous rock formed from lava that cooled off quickly on the surface of the Earth?

A

Volcanic Rocks

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29
Q

Another name for volcanic rocks is….

A

Extrusive Rocks

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30
Q

Which type of igneous rocks formed from magma that cooled off slowly deep underground?

A

Plutonic Rocks

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31
Q

Another name for plutonic rocks is…

A

Intrusive Rocks

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32
Q

Why are the crystals visible in plutonic rocks?

A

Because the magma cooled off slowly enough to give the crystals time to grow.

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33
Q

Why are the crystals in volcanic rocks too small to see without a microscope?

A

Because the lava cooled off so quickly that there was not much time for the crystals to grow.

34
Q

Name examples of igneous rocks.

A

Granite, Basalt, Obsidian, Pumice

35
Q

Name examples of sedimentary rocks.

A

Sandstone, Limestone, Shale, Conglomerate

36
Q

Name examples of metamorphic rocks.

A

Gneiss, Slate, Coal, Marble

37
Q

Name examples of sediments.

A

Sand, silt, clay, shells, pebbles

38
Q

List the five steps needed to make a sedimentary rock - list them in order!

A
  1. Weathering
  2. Erosion
  3. Deposition
  4. Compaction
  5. Cementation
39
Q

Name the process which forms sediments by breaking rocks apart.

A

Weathering

40
Q

Name the process which moves sediments with wind, flowing water, or gravity.

A

Erosion

41
Q

Name the process when sediments are dropped off on the bottom of a lake or ocean.

A

Deposition

42
Q

Name the process where the weight of upper layers squeezes sediments together in the lower layers.

A

Compaction

43
Q

Name the process where sediments are joined together by crystals growing between them.

A

Cementation

44
Q

How can one rock be changed into another kind of rock?

A

By high heat (but not enough to melt it completely) or high pressure. Both of these change the minerals found in the rock.

45
Q

List some characteristics of metamorphic rocks.

A

Some have layers, some have high density, some are folded, all have new minerals.

46
Q

List examples of metamorphic rocks.

A

Gneiss, marble, slate, coal.

47
Q

How heavy an object is compared to its size.

A

Density

48
Q

What is the density of water?

A

One

49
Q

Give the equation for finding the density of an object.

A

Density = Mass divided by Volume D = M / V

50
Q

Find the density of an object that has a mass of 12 grams and takes up a volume of 4 ml. Will it sink or float?

A

D = M / V = 12 / 4 = 3
It will sink, since it has a density greater than one.

51
Q

Find the density of an object that has a mass of 12 grams and takes up a volume of 24 ml. Will it sink or float?

A

D = M / V = 12 / 24 = 0.5
It will float, since it has a density less than one.

52
Q

Explain why warm air rises.

A

Step 1. Warming the air makes the molecules move faster.
Step 2. Faster molecules spread apart and take up more space.
Step 3. Since it takes up more space, the air has a lower density.
Step 4. Lower density air rises above cool, dense air.
PS This is also true for liquids, like water and magma!

53
Q

Use changes in density to explain how convection currents form.

A

Hot material has a low density, so it rises upwards. Then it spreads out and cools off. This increases its density, so it sinks down and gets heated up again, which repeats the cycle.

54
Q

Name two places on Earth where convection currents occur.

A

Magma in the mantle, air in the atmosphere, and water in the ocean.

55
Q

Explain how convection currents in the mantle impact people and the planet.

A

Convection currents in the mantle ends up dragging the crust along when the magma spreads out. This causes plate tectonics, continental drift, volcanoes, and earthquakes.

56
Q

Explain how convection currents in the atmosphere impact people and the planet.

A

Convection currents in the atmosphere creates wind, which brings weather to different areas.)

57
Q

The process where igneous rocks can be converted into sedimentary rocks, which can then be transformed into metamorphic rocks, which can then be melted into igneous rocks, which can then be….

A

The Rock Cycle

58
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A

A series of events that convert one rock into another rock over and over and over again.

59
Q

How can any kind of rock be converted into a sedimentary rock?

A

Any kind of rock can be broken apart by weathering, its particles are moved by erosion, then they are deposited as a layer of sediments which can be compressed and cemented into a new sedimentary rock.

60
Q

How can any kind of rock become a metamorphic rock?

A

Any kind of rock can be changed by heat and pressure into a new metamorphic rock.

61
Q

How can any kind of rock be converted into an igneous rock?

A
62
Q

List the layers of Earth IN ORDER from the outside inward.

A

Atmosphere, Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

63
Q

Describe the trend in temperature as we move deeper in the Earth.

A

The deeper the layer, the hotter the temperature.

64
Q

Which of Earth’s layers are solid?

A

Crust and Inner Core

65
Q

Which of Earth’s layers are liquid?

A

Mantle and Outer Core

66
Q

Which of Earth’s layers are gas?

A

Atmosphere

67
Q

Wait a minute - how can the Inner Core be solid if it is also the hottest layer of the planet?

A

The weight of the upper layers of the Earth creates so much pressure on the Inner Core that it is compressed into a solid, even though it is extremely hot.

68
Q

Which of the Earth’s layers are made of rocks (mostly granite and basalt)?

A

Crust and Mantle (but the rocks are melted into magma in the mantle).

69
Q

Which of the Earth’s layers are made of metals (mostly iron and nickel?)

A

Outer Core and Inner Core

70
Q

Which gases make up most of the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen (80%) and Oxygen (20%)

71
Q

Describe the pattern of density as we go deeper into the Earth.

A

The density increases with deeper layers.

72
Q

How did the Earth’s layers form?

A

When the solar system first formed, the Earth was so hot that it was completely molten. This allowed the densest materials (iron and nickel) to sink down to the core, while the least dense materials (granite and basalt rocks) floated up to the surface. Later, volcanoes released steam and gases that became the oceans and the atmosphere.

73
Q

Name the property of minerals that shows the way that a mineral breaks into smooth surfaces at specific angles.

A

Cleavage

74
Q

Name the property of minerals that shows the way that a mineral breaks into uneven surfaces.

A

Fracture

75
Q

Name the property of minerals that shows the color of the powder left on a tile after a mineral is rubbed across the tile.

A

Streak

76
Q

Name the property of minerals that shows the way that a mineral reflects light, and give examples of this property.

A

Luster - Examples include metallic luster, glassy luster, earthy luster, etc.

77
Q

Name the property of minerals that shows the way that a mineral is able to scratch other materials.

A

Hardness

78
Q

Who developed the hardness scale for minerals?

A

Friederich Mohs, from Germany - so we call it Moh’s Hardness Scale.

79
Q

A rock or mineral that contains a high enough percentage of a metal to make it worth mining.

A

Ore

80
Q
A

Earth Science (6 decks)

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