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ES Finals > Minerals/Rocks > Flashcards

Minerals/Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

How do you tell the composition of an igneous rock?

A

There are three compositions an igneous rock can be. The first is mafic, which is a dark coloured rock. Felsic is a light coloured rock. Lastly, intermediate is in between mafic and felsic.

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2
Q

What is intrusive, extrusive, and plutonic? How do you tell whether an igneous rock is intrusive or extrusive?

A

Intrusive and plutonic are the same thing, and they are rocks that form in the Earth. Extrusive rocks are rocks that form outside of earth. Intrusive rocks have grains of minerals that you can visibly see, while in extrusive rocks, you cannot see the minerals.

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3
Q

What are the requirements of a mineral?

A

A mineral occurs naturally, is solid, inorganic, has a crystalline structure, and a definitive composition.

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4
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope is an atom with extra neutrons, therefore it has an increased mass.

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5
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge.

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6
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest piece of an element that still has properties of said element.

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7
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together.

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8
Q

How does a ionic bond happen?

A

An ionic bond happens with metals and non-metals. In an ionic bond, the non-metals take electrons from the metal. The non-metal and metal are now attracted to each other.

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9
Q

What are the properties of an ionic bond?

A

They have a high melting point, are good conductors, and easily dissolve in water. (Nonmet takes from met, opps attract)

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10
Q

What are the properties of covalent bonds?

A

They have a low melting point, are good insulators, and do not easily dissolve in water.

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11
Q

Name Bowens reaction series

A

On one side, there is olivine, pyroxine, amphibole, and biotite. On the other side, there is Ca feldspar to Na feldspar. Then it intersects, and there is k feldspar, muscovite, and quartz.

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12
Q

As temperature decreases in Bowens reaction series, Silica content ______

A

Increases.

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13
Q

As temperature decreases in Bowens reaction series, stability _____

A

Increases

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14
Q

Do mafic rocks develop at high or low temperatures?

A

High temperatures

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15
Q

What is fractional crystallization?

A

Magma cools, and while cooling, rocks rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium form, leaving Silica rich Magma behind.

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16
Q

What is partial melting?

A

Magma flows through the magma chamber and comes in contact with rocks. The silica-rich rocks melt, making the magma more Silica rich.

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17
Q

How does a sedimentary or igneous rock become metamorphic?

A

A lot of heat or pressure is applied to the rock, and it becomes metamorphic.

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18
Q

How do igneous and metamorphic rocks become sedimentary?

A

The rock gets eroded into sediment, then it is deposited, and over time, pressure forces it to become a rock. cements include silica and calcium carbonate and the processes are cementation and compaction

19
Q

How do sedimentary and metamorphic rocks become igneous?

A

The rocks melt, and then cool and crystallize into igneous rocks.

20
Q

What are the three sedimentary rock types?

A

Clastic, biochemical, and chemical.

21
Q

What is a clastic sedimentary rock, and how do you classify it?

A

A clastic rock is made up of pieces of other rocks. It is classified by size, shape, and sorting of the grains.

22
Q

What is a chemical sedimentary rock, and how do you classify it? where does it form?

A

A chemical rock is made mostly of minerals and looks uniform and crystalline. You use its properties to classify it. They form in shallow lakes and seas.

23
Q

What is a biochemical sedimentary rock, and how do you classify it?

A

Biochemical rocks are made out of shells, plant remains, and fossils. You classify them based on the material that makes it up.

24
Q

How do you use sorting, grain size, and composition to determine the past depositional environments of a sedimentary rock?

A

Well sorted rocks are found in low energy environments, and poorly sorted rocks are found in high-energy environments. Small grains mean it has traveled far, and large grains mean it has not. Chemical rocks are found in shallow areas.

25
Q

What are the mineral families?

A

Halides, sulfides, sulfates, oxides, carbonates, silicate, and phosphates.

26
Q

What are the properties of halides?

A

They are made of metals plus the 7a family. They are clear, salts, and have cleavage.

27
Q

What are the properties of oxides?

A

They are made of metal and oxygen. They have a high heft, are hard, and rust.

28
Q

What are the properties of sulfides?

A

They are made of a metal and sulfur. They have a high heft, have a dark streak, and are ores.

29
Q

What are the properties of sulfates?

A

They are made of a metal, sulfer, and 4 oxygen (SO4). They are light colored and soft.

30
Q

What are the properties of carbonates?

A

They are made of a metal, carbon, and 3 oxygen. They react with acid, and they have double refraction..

31
Q

What are the properties of phosphates?

A

They are made out of phosphate and four oxygen.

32
Q

What are the physical properties to test for in a mineral?

A

Colour, luster, streak, hardness, fracture, crystal habit, and others (acid reaction, heft, magnetic, etc.).

33
Q

What are the minerals on mohs hardness scale from one to ten?

A

Talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond.

34
Q

What is the hardness of a fingernail?

A

2.5

35
Q

What is the hardness of a copper penny?

A

3.5

36
Q

What is the hardness of a glass?

A

5.5

37
Q

What is the hardness of a nail?

A

7

38
Q

What is the hardness of a streak plate?

A

6-7

39
Q

How do you classify a metamorphic rock?

A

You classified a metamorphic rock by whether it is foliated or not. The foliated rocks increase in metamorphic grade from slate to phyllite to shist to gneiss. For non-foliated rocks, marble reacts with acid, and quartzite does not. Quartzite scratches glass.

40
Q

What is the protolith of marble?

A

Limestone

41
Q

What is the protolith of slate?

A

Shale

42
Q

What is the protolith of quartzite?

A

Sandstone

43
Q

What is the protolith of gneiss?

A

Feldspar, quartz

44
Q

What is the difference between contact and regional metamorphism?

A

Contacts metamorphism happens when rock comes in contact with magma. Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas.

ES Finals (8 decks)

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