Minerals Pt.2 (L5) Flashcards

1
Q

The appearance and physical behaviour of minerals are directly related to _______

A

their chemical composition and bonding characteristics of their components (informative

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2
Q

Do all minerals have the same exact set of properties? Y or N

A

No

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3
Q

What is crystal habit?

A

refers to the external geometric shape of mineral crystals

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4
Q

What is cleavage?

A

It is used for mineral identification

it is the breakage of a mineral along flat, well-defined planes. Occurs in minerals that have bonds of diff strengths

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5
Q

What does cleavage refer to?

A

refers to how a mineral crystal breaks, NOT its external crystal form

Cleavage is a manifestation of the internal structure of mineral crystals

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6
Q

What is the simplest case of cleavage? And what can it be used for?

A

Mica - breaks in one direction

breaks into tiny little flakes that reflect light very well so commonly used as cosmetic glitter

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7
Q

Which way will cleavage break?

A

in the direction of weaker bonding

may be more than one direction of weaker bonding

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8
Q

Basal Cleavage

A

Cleavage in one direction

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9
Q

Cubic Cleavage

A

3 directions at 90 degrees

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10
Q

rhombohedral cleaveage

A

3 directions not at 90 degrees

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11
Q

Octahedral cleavage

A

four directions at 90 degrees to form a 3d shape with 8 sides

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12
Q

Why are cleavage planes always surfaces of breakage and don’t follow the same direction as the crystal faces?

A

Because cleavage is an internal property (breakage along planes of weakness) while the crystal faces is an external property

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13
Q

Why do not all minerals show cleavage?

A

b/c in some minerals, the bonds are relatively uniform in strength, so don’t break along specific planes

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14
Q

Fracture

A

The appearance of a broken surface that isn’t cleavage

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15
Q

what is the easiest type of fracture to recognize?

A

Conchoidal fracture

named b/c of the arc-shaped patterns on the surface that resemble the inside of a seashell

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16
Q

Hardness

A

Another useful diagnostic property

measure of the resistance of minerals to abrasion or scratching

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17
Q

what does the hardness of a mineral reflect?

A

the overall strength of bonding within its crystal structure

stronger bond = greater hardness

18
Q

How is hardness measured

A

Mohs scale of hardness

19
Q

How do you use Moh’s original hardness scale

A

we can test it against minerals or other objects of known hardness

Higher hardness will scratch mineral with lower hardness

20
Q

What is Specific Gravity

A

a number representing the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water

or we can just say that some minerals are heavier than others

21
Q

Diaphaneity

A

the ability of a mineral to transmit light

22
Q

3 types the Diaphaneity

A

transparent, translucent, or opaque

23
Q

Transparent Minerals

A

transmit light in an undisturbed fashion, like clear glass

24
Q

Transculent Minerals

A

the light entering the mineral is scattered as it is transmitted (can’t see the details of whatever is on the other side)

25
Q

Opaque

A

it means that no light is transmitted through the material

26
Q

Why is transclucency tricky to recognize?

A

b/c it is between transparency and opaque

27
Q

Lustre

A

the ability of a mineral to reflect light from its surface

28
Q

how is Lustre diff from diaphaneity?

A

Lustre doesn’t deal with the transmission of light but more on the surface reflection

29
Q

Lustre can be either __ or __

A

metallic or nonmetallic

30
Q

Colour

A

manifests the chemical content of a mineral

color can be a very diagnostic property

31
Q

Why can colour sometimes be misleading? Example?

A

minor impurities or crystal defects can impart strikingly diff colors

Tourmaline (ex): depending on the metals present in this mineral, the color can vary significantly, sometimes even within the same crystal

32
Q

Powder

A

Another way of identifying some minerals

we do this by rubbing the mineral specimen against an unglazed porcelain plate called a streak plate

33
Q

the streak of hematite is always a ____ colour

A

reddish brown

34
Q

magnetism

A

very diagnostic, although limited to only a few minerals

35
Q

If a mineral fizzes which mineral is it most likely to be?

A

Limestone (used in TUMS)

36
Q

Strange optical properties

A

some minerals will produce a double image when an object is viewed through its crystals

37
Q

Birefringence

A

due to the splitting of light rays as they pass through the calcite crystal

38
Q

Most minerals can be identified on the basis of __?

A

a unique combination of physical properties

39
Q

Sphalerite (ZnS) unique property?

A

smell of rotten eggs when rubbed

40
Q

Unique property of Graphite?

A

greasy lustre, is opaque, very soft

41
Q

Unique property of Halite?

A

tastes salty

42
Q

Unique property of Talc?

A

Slippery or soapy (used in baby powder)