Minerals Pt.1 (L4) Flashcards
5 main characteristcs to be truly considered a mineral?
- is solid
- is inorganic (non-living)
- Definite chemical composition
- naturally occuring
- crystaline internal structure
What’s a material that you wouldn’t think of as a mineral, but actually is?
Ice
In which way are minerals and rocks different?
Rocks are typically made of minerals, but minerals don’t contain rocks
(minerals are the building blocks of rocks)
What are minerals made of?
the atoms of one or more checmical elements
What is an atom?
the smallest particle of matter that has the characteristics of an element.
What is the nucleus of an atom made of?
Subatomic particles called Protons and Neutrons
What are the cloud-like shells of a nucleus?
Electrons
What is the mass and charge of a proton?
1 atomic mass unit, and a charge of +1
What is the mass and charge of a neutron?
1 atomic mass unit, and no charge
What is the mass and charge of an electron?
NO MASS, and a charge of -1
Nearly all of an atom’s mass is in its nucleus? T or F
True
2 categories of electrons
Valence electrons and Core electrons
How is the Periodic Table organized (simplified)?
Toward the left = lose electrons
Toward the right = gain electrons
What is the atomic number and where is it placed?
it denotes the number of protons in the atom
placed above the chemical symbol
What is the atomic weight and where is it placed?
the full weight of one of the atom (atomic mass units)
under the chemical symbol
How do you find the number of Neutrons through the atomic weight?
atomic weight - # of protons = # of neutrons
what are the outermost electrons called?
Valence electrons
What happens when an atom has less than 8 electrons in its outermost shell?
it bonds with other atoms
Explain how ionic bonding occurs through mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions?
(A) atom with one valence electron gives it up to (B) atom who has 7 valence electrons
Now (B) electron has 8 and a full outermost shell and (A) now got rid of the useless one electron and its next shell in becomes its outermost electron shell (8 electrons)
Giving up electron = Positive charge 0- (-1) = +1
Accepting electron = Negative Charge 0-(+1) = -1
Now oppositely charged and oppsites attract so now IONICALLY BONDED
How does a covalent bond happen?
involves the sharing of valence electrons
By sharing 2 electrons between the atoms, both atoms get their outermost shells filled and both are satisfied
which is stronger, covalent bonds or ionic bonds? and why?
covalent bonds, b/c both atoms think they own the shared electrons and aren’t willing to give them up without a fight
What contributes to the hardness of quartz?
the strong covalent bonds in quartz, within the silica units and also between the silica units
What is an example of a very weak form of bonding? and why?
liquid water
oxygen is slightly negative and hydrogen slightly positive
so = weak bonds
“I like you, but not enough to stay with you for very long?
What accounts for Graphite easily rubbing off on paper?
Graphite is made of internally strong sheets of carbon (Covalently bonded)
but these strong sheets are very weakly held together by very weak van der Waals forces
Metallic Bonding
a special type of bonding that occurs in in pure metals
(copper, gold, and silver)
How can we think of Metallic Bonding?
We can think ofelectrons involved in this being in an alternative lfiestyle
hopping from nucleus to nucleus (Free migration)
- this accounts for the strong ability of metals to CONDUCT electricity and its different shapes
