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Nutrition > Minerals (Final) > Flashcards

Minerals (Final) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: minerals and vitamins are both micronutrients

A

true

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2
Q

Do we need more minerals or vitamins in the body?

A

minerals

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3
Q

Are minerals essential?

A

yes

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4
Q

Are minerals organic or inorganic?

A

inorganic

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5
Q

Are vitamins organic or inorganic?

A

organic

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6
Q

Minerals are divided into 2 groups. What are they?

A

macrominerals and microminerals (these depend on how much intake you need)

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7
Q

Minerals account for ______% of body weight

A

4-5

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8
Q

Which mineral do we have the most in the body?

A

calcium (2% of body weight)

(phosphorus is 1% of body weight)

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9
Q

Minerals are structures of tissues and cells. 99% calcium and 70% phosphates are found in the?

A

bones and teeth

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10
Q

Phosphates are found in….

A

cell membranes

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11
Q

Iron is found in….

A

hemoglobin

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12
Q

Minerals are buffer molecules. Which buffer system is used with minerals?

A

intracellular buffer system/ phosphate buffer system

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13
Q

What minerals are electrolytes?

A

-Na
-K
-Mg
-Cl
-Ca

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14
Q

What is the major cation in the extracellular fluid?

A

sodium

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15
Q

What is the major cation in the intracellular fluid?

A

potassium

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16
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for ATP to function?

A

magnesium

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17
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for B12 to function?

A

cobalt

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18
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes to function?

A

iron

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19
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for GSH to function?

A

selenium

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20
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for complex IV cytochrome oxidase, cyt a and cyt a3 to function?

A

copper

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21
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for collagen oxidation to function?

A

copper

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22
Q

Minerals are enzyme cofactors and are involved in protein and vitamin functions. Which mineral is required for thyroid hormones to function?

A

iodine

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23
Q

Patients with high BP should eat fruits and veggies that are high in what mineral?

A

potassium

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24
Q

High sodium = high ______ bc water is retained

A

BP

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25
Q

Processed foods have high amounts of what mineral?

A

sodium

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26
Q

High BP damages which organ first?

A

heart

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27
Q

What is hyperkalemia? What does this mean for the body?

A

-high potassium in the blood
-kidney issues
-heart arrhythmias
-can cause cardiac arrest

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28
Q

What is hypokalemia? What does this mean for the body?

A

-low potassium in the blood
-excessive sweat, urination, or vomiting
-cramps
-muscle weakness
-irregular heart beat

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29
Q

Which minerals are macrominerals?

A

-calcium
-phosphorous
-sodium
-potassium
-magnesium
-chloride
-sulfur

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30
Q

Macrominerals are minerals that required at least _______ a day

A

100mg

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31
Q

Microminerals are also known as trace minerals because the body only requires ______ or less a day

A

15 mg

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32
Q

What are the microminerals?

A

-iron
-selenium
-zinc
-copper
-fluoride
-manganese
-chromium
-cobalt
-iodine

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33
Q

Does animal food or plant food have higher mineral bioavailability?

A

animal food

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34
Q

Mineral food sources exists in 2 forms: as charged ions or bound to proteins or complexed in molecules. What is the exception?

A

heme iron (animal food), all elements are absorbed in the ionic state

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35
Q

Mineral to mineral interactions can result in decreased….

A

absorption, transport, and storage

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36
Q

Absorption of zinc is decreased when a person is taking ________ supplements

A

iron or folate

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37
Q

Calcium reduces the absorption of what minerals?

A

-magnesium
-zinc
-iron

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38
Q

Mineral to fiber interactions can result in decreased….

A

absorption

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39
Q

Mineral to vitamin interactions can result in BOTH increased or decreased….

A

absorption

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40
Q

Vitamin C increases ________ absorption

A

iron

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41
Q

Vit D increases __________ absorption

A

calcium

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42
Q

What binds to minerals and prevents them from being absorbed? Its found in plants

A

phytates and oxalates

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43
Q

The mineral component of bone consists mainly of hydroxyapatite[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] crystals, which contain large amounts of….

A

calcium and phosphate

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44
Q

99% of calcium is stored in…

A

bones and teeth

(the remaining 1% is in plasma)

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45
Q

What are the food sources for calcium?

A

-milk
-yogurt
-cheese
-bones in fish
-calcium fortified foods like orange juice or soy milk
-dark green leafy veggies

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46
Q

Calcium is absorbed through which organ?

A

small intestine

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47
Q

What 5 things decrease calcium absorption?

A

1) alkaline environment
2) very high fiber intake
3) achlorhydria (absence of HCI)
4) presence of phytates and oxalates
5) excessive phosphorous intake

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48
Q

What 5 things increase calcium absorption?

A

1) acidic environment
2) lactase
3) vit D
4) increased physiological need (ex: strength training)
5) calbindin (calcium binding proteins increase in presence of vit D)

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49
Q

What are the 6 functions of calcium?

A

-nerve conduction
-muscle contraction
-blood clotting
-constriction and relaxation of blood vessels
-secretion of hormones like insulin
-bone growth and maintenance

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50
Q

Calcium is essential for the normal growth and maintenance of….

A

bones and teeth

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51
Q

What directly controls calcium absorption?

A

PTH, vit D, and calcitonin

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52
Q

What indirectly controls calcium absorption?

A

estrogen

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53
Q

Which organ is critically important for calcium homeostasis?

A

kidney

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54
Q

If tubular reabsorption of calcium ____________ , calcium is lost by excretion into urine

A

decreases

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55
Q

Bone serves as a vast reservoir of calcium. Stimulating net reabsorption of bone minerals releases ___________________ into the blood, and suppressing this effect allows calcium to be deposited in bone

A

calcium and phosphate

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56
Q

When blood calcium ____________, calcium sensing proteins in the parathyroid glands sends signals resulting in the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

decreases

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57
Q

When calcium intake is low or poorly absorbed, bone breakdown occurs bc the body must use the calcium stores in bones to maintain normal biological functions such as…

A

nerve and muscle function

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58
Q

PTH stimulates the conversion of ________ to its active form, calcitriol, in the kidneys. Calcitriol increases the absorption of calcium from the SI. Together with PTH, calcitriol stimulates calcium release from bone by activating ______________ and decrease the urinary excretion of calcium by increasing its reabsorption in the kidneys

A

vit D, osteoclasts

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59
Q

When blood calcium rises to normal levels, the parathyroid glands stop secreting PTH, and _____________ is secreted from the _____________. The kidneys begin to excrete any excess calcium in the urine. Although this complex system allows for rapid and tight regulation of blood calcium levels, it does so at the expense of the skeleton

A

calcitonin, thyroid gland

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60
Q

______________ means “porous bone” and is characterized by decreased bone mineral density, bone calcium content, and an increase risk of fractures

A

Osteoporosis

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61
Q

Patients with calcium deficiency have an increased risk for what?

A

colon cancer and hypertension

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62
Q

What is hypocalcemia? What does this mean for the body?

A

-low calcium in the blood
-increase neuromuscular excitability, aka muscle spasms, tetany, and cardiac dysfunction

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63
Q

What people are most at risk for calcium toxicity?

A

patients with too much PTH or people who are getting calcitriol treatment

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64
Q

What is hypercalcemia? What does this mean for the body?

A

-high blood calcium
-diffuse precipitation of calcium phosphate in tissues
-organ dysfunction and damage
-calcinosis (formation of calcium deposits in any soft tissue)

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65
Q

What is calcinosis?

A

formation of calcium deposits in any soft tissue

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66
Q

What are the side effects of calcium toxicity besides hypercalcemia?

A

-kidney stones
-nausea
-vomiting
-loss of appetite
-increased urination
-confusion
-irregular heart beat

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67
Q

High calcium levels interferes with what other minerals?

A

iron, zinc, and magnesium

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68
Q

What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

-advancing age
-history of fracture as an adult
-history of fracture in a parent or sibling in adult life
-cigs
-small build/underweight
-white or asian female
-sedentary lifestyle
-eating disorder with excessive sodium intake
-alcohol abuse
-high caffeine intake
-calcium deficiency diet
-menopause (decrease in estrogen secretion)

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69
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant mineral in the body?

A

phosphorous

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70
Q

Which mineral is required by every cell in the body bc of DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membrane structure?

A

phosphorous

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71
Q

70% of the body’s phosphorous is found in…..

A

bones and teeth

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72
Q

Which mineral regulates absorption of calcium and other trace elements?

A

phosphorous

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73
Q

Which mineral regulates RBC metabolism?

A

phosphorous (note: ATP comes from glycolysis bc theres no mitochondria in RBCs)

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74
Q

Which mineral is a component of myelin sheath and sphingomyelin?

A

phosphorous

75
Q

Phosphorous interacts with which vitamin?

A

D

76
Q

Which mineral regulates energy production via phosphorylation for nervous, immune, and muscular systems?

A

phosphorous

77
Q

Which mineral helps kidneys to excrete waste?

A

phosphorous

78
Q

How do you prepare foods to retain phosphorus?

A

-cook foods in a minimal amount of water
-cook for the shortest possible time
-roast or broil lamb, veal, pork, and poultry (beef keeps the same amount of phosphorous regardless of cooking method)

79
Q

What are the symptoms of phosphorous deficiency?

A

-muscle weakness
-appetite loss
-fatigue
-pain in bones/fragile bones
-tooth decay
-stunted growth
-arthritis
-reproductive problems

80
Q

Who is at risk for low phosphorous?

A

-pregnant and nursing women
-those on weight loss diets of less than 1000 calories a day
-heavy drinkers
-those who consume large amounts of antacids (bc this depletes the bone’s phosphorous supply)

81
Q

What is more common- calcium deficiency or toxicity?

A

deficiency

82
Q

What is more common- phosphorous deficiency or toxicity?

A

toxicity

83
Q

Phosphorous toxicity can cause what deficiencies?

A

calcium. magnesium, and zinc

84
Q

What are the symptoms of phosphorous toxicity?

A

-tremors
-hyper-excitability
-anemia
-diarrhea
-arthritis

85
Q

What are the food sources of phosphorous?

A
86
Q

What provides 100% of the sulfur in the human diet?

A

methionine and cysteine

87
Q

Is sulfur deficiency or toxicity common?

A

neither

88
Q

Sulfur is an essential component of what 3 vitamins?

A

-thiamine
-pantothenic acid
-biotin

note: sulfur is also a component of glutathione which is a tripeptide containing cysteine, glycine, and glutamate and functions as an antioxidant

89
Q

Diets that provide plenty of fruits and veggies, which are good sources of _________________________, are consistently associated with lower blood pressure

A

potassium and magensium

90
Q

_______________ plays an essential role in carb metabolism. It may influence the release and activity of insulin

A

Magnesium

91
Q

The observed associations between magnesium metabolism, diabetes, and high BP increase the likelihood that magnesium metabolism may influence ________________ disease

A

cardiovascular

92
Q

Magnesium deficiency alters calcium metabolism and the hormones that regulate calcium, so its associated with what bone disorder?

A

osteoporosis

93
Q

What is the 4th most abundant mineral in the body?

A

magnesium

94
Q

Which mineral is required for bone mineralization?

A

magnesium

95
Q

What are the 7 functions of magnesium?

A

1) helps to maintain normal muscle and nerve function
2) keep heart rhythm steady
3) keeps bones strong
4) supports a healthy immune system
5) helps regulate blood sugar levels
6) promotes normal BP
7) involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis

96
Q

What are the causes of magnesium deficiency?

A

-disorders that deplete the bodies stores of magnesium may cause a deficiency
-excessive loss of magnesium in urine can be a side effect of some medications and can also occur in cases of poorly controlled diabetes and alcohol abuse
-chronic or excessive vomiting and diarrhea may also cause magnesium depletion

97
Q

What are the food sources for magnesium?

test q

A

-green veggies like spinach and broccoli bc of photosynthesis (chlorophyll has magnesium in the center)
-legumes (beans and peas)
-nuts and seds
-whole unrefined grains

98
Q

What are the early signs of magnesium deficiency?

A

-loss of appetite
-nausea
-vomiting
-fatigue/insomnia

99
Q

Are are the prolonged signs of magnesium deficiency?

A

-numbness
-tingling
-muscle contractions and cramps
-seizures
-personality changes
-abnormal heart rhythms
-coronary spasms

100
Q

Severe magnesium deficiency can result in….

A

hypocalcemia and hypokalemia

101
Q

What is the symptom for magnesium toxicity?

A

diarrhea

102
Q

What is magnesium glycerate?

A

-supplement with magnesium + glycine
-good for bone development

103
Q

Which magnesium is found in epson salts?

A

magnesium sulfate

104
Q

What is magnesium taurate?

A

-supplement with magnesium and tauric acid
-reduces CVD
-helps build bile and decrease cholesterol

105
Q

Iron exists in 2 forms. What are they?

A

heme and nonheme iron

106
Q

Where is heme iron found?

A

-animal foods
-hemoglobin
-myoglobin
-cytochrome C

107
Q

Where is nonheme iron found?

A

-plant foods
-ferritin
-FeS

108
Q

Meat, fish, and poultry contain not only heme but also a factor called ______________ that promotes the absorption of nonheme iron from other foods eaten at the same meal

A

MFP factor

109
Q

Which vitamin stimulates iron absorption?

A

C

110
Q

What inhibits iron absorption?

A

tea and coffee

111
Q

What are the food sources for iron?

A

-liver is the best source
-seafood such as oysters and fish
-kidneys, heart, lean meat, and poultry
-dry beans and veggies are the best plant source

112
Q

Iron is one of the enrichment nutrients for what products?

A

grain

113
Q

Where is the functional iron found in the body?

A

hemoglobin and myoglobin

114
Q

Where is storage iron found?

test q

A

ferritin, hemosiderin, and transferrin

115
Q

Ferritin is found within cells of the….

A

liver, bone marrow, and spleen (relates to iron RBC cycle)

116
Q

Hemosiderin is found within?

A

macrophages

117
Q

Transferrin is an iron binding glycoprotein found within the…

A

blood

118
Q

Surplus iron is stored primarily in….

A

ferritin (so the liver, bone marrow, and spleen)

119
Q

What is the early stage marker for low Fe?

A

low ferritin

120
Q

What is the late stage marker for low Fe?

A

transferrin is not saturated and the person has anemia

121
Q

Which mineral is recycled and transported back to bone marrow to be reused?

A

iron

122
Q

Who should be consuming double the amount of iron compared to the average man or post-menopausal women?

A

women of childbearing age

123
Q

What mineral deficiency is the precursor of iron deficiency anemia and is the most common of all nutritional deficiency diseases and is prevalent in children and women of childbearing age?

A

iron deficiency

124
Q

What is the final stage of iron deficiency?

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

125
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

126
Q

What mineral deficiency may cause ADD, ADHD, or pica?

A

iron deficiency

127
Q

Iron overload is known as __________________ and is usually caused by a genetic disorder that enhances iron absorption. More common in men

A

hemochromatosis

128
Q

Ingestion of _______ containing supplements remains a leading cause of accidental poisoning in small children. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, weak pulse, dizziness, shock, and confusion

A

iron

129
Q

What organs have the highest conc. of zinc even though it’s a trace mineral?

A

-liver
-pancreas
-kidney
-bone
-muscles

130
Q

What are the 2 pathways for absorption of zinc?

A

1) a saturable carrier mechanism that operates more efficiently at low intakes (actively transported in low doses)
2) passive diffusion when zinc intake is high

131
Q

Zinc absorption can be hindered by the presence of….

A

phytates

132
Q

Zinc absorption can be enhanced by….

A

-glucose
-lactose
-soy protein

133
Q

What vitamin inhibits zinc absorption?

A

folate

134
Q

How is zinc transported in the blood?

A

attached to albumin

135
Q

How is excess zinc removed from the body?

A

poop

136
Q

Cells love which 2 minerals?

A

potassium and zinc

137
Q

Which 2 minerals share food sources?

A

iron and zinc

138
Q

What are the food sources for zinc?

A

protein rich foods (animal foods) and ready to eat breakfast cereals fortified with zinc

139
Q

What are the 5 functions of zinc?

A

1) component of many promotors (Zn finger proteins)
2) cofactor of carbonic anhydrase (this enzyme converts water and carbon dioxide to carbonic acid (H2CO3))
3) sense of taste and smell
4) sex maturation
5) important for ADH and carboxypeptidases to function properly

140
Q

What are the signs and symptoms if theres a deficiency in zinc fingers (cannot promote proper gene expression)?

A

-delayed wound healing
-growth retardation
-immune deficiency
-impaired appetite
-skin lesions

141
Q

When there is a zinc deficiency you may lose sense of taste and smell. What is the fancy word for this?

A

hypogeusia

142
Q

What happens to sex maturation when theres a zinc deficiency?

A

-delayed sexual maturation
-hypogonadism
-hypospermia

143
Q

Where is the highest copper conc. in the body?

A

-liver
-brain
-heart
-kidney

144
Q

Which mineral is required for synthetic enzymes to make dopamine and NE?

A

copper

145
Q

Which mineral is required for collagen oxidation and cross linking?

A

copper

146
Q

Absorption of copper occurs in the ____________ via active and passive transport

A

duodenum

147
Q

What inhibits copper absorption?

A

fiber and phytates

148
Q

90% of copper is in the form of….

A

ceruloplasmin (its a glycoprotein and a major copper carrying protein, if copper is unbound then it is toxic)

149
Q

Which organ synthesizes ceruloplasmin?

A

liver

150
Q

It is an oxidase that turns ferrous to ferric. Only ferric can bind with transferrin to transport iron in the blood in the iron cycle

A

ceruloplasmin

151
Q

A copper deficiency may cause what mineral deficiency?

A

iron

152
Q

How is excess copper removed from the body?

A

primarily in the GI tract as a component of bile (common way to regulate copper stones)

153
Q

Biliary excretion increases in response to excessive intake of what mineral?

A

copper

154
Q

Where is copper stored?

A

in the liver, so deficiency would not show symptoms until later

155
Q

What is the best source for copper?

A

chocolate

note: zinc is in most foods but chocolate is best source

156
Q

What disease is caused by copper deficiency?

A

Menke’s disease

157
Q

What is Menke’s disease?

A

-also known as kinky hair syndrome
-genetic copper malabsorption
-muscle weakness
-abnormal collagen crossing

158
Q

Copper synthesizes pigments like melanin so a deficiency in copper would result in….

A

depigmentation

159
Q

What blood disorder is common with copper deficiency?

A

anemia bc theres not enough ceruloplasmin

160
Q

Liver cirrhosis and RBC formation abnormalities typically develop from toxic intake levels of what mineral?

A

copper

161
Q

What disease is caused by copper toxicity?

A

Wilson’s disease

162
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

-excess accumulation of copper in body tissues
-genetic deficiency of liver synthesis of ceruloplasmin
-excretion of copper in bile does not occur so this causes liver damage
-tx and cure is a liver transplant

163
Q

Which mineral is a glucose tolerance factor?

A

chromuim (Cr)

164
Q

Which mineral helps bind insulin to insulin receptors on the cell membrane?

A

chromuim (Cr)

165
Q

Which mineral deficiency causes insulin resistence?

A

chromuim (Cr)

166
Q

What mineral supplements are beneficial for diabetic patients?

A

chromuim (Cr), magnesium, copper, zinc

167
Q

Which mineral is a constituent of B12?

A

cobalt (Co)

168
Q

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by a deficiency in what mineral?

A

cobalt (Co)

169
Q

What anemia is caused by folate, vit B12, and Co deficiency?

A

megaloblastic anemia

170
Q

What anemia is caused by intrinsic factor deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia

171
Q

Which anemia is caused by vit B6 deficiency?

A

sideroblastic anemia

172
Q

Which anemia is caused by iron deficiency?

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia

173
Q

Which anemia is caused by NADPH and vit E deficiency?

A

hemolytic anemia

174
Q

Anemia caused by excessive bleeding is due to vit ____ deficiency and vit _____ toxicity

A

K, E

175
Q

Which mineral is a constituent of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

iodine

176
Q

Which mineral is stored as thyroglobulin?

A

iodine

177
Q

If a child is deficient in iodine then they have…..

test q

A

cretinism

178
Q

If an adult is deficient in iodine then they have….

test q

A

a goiter or myxedema

179
Q

What mineral is a cofactor of glutathione peroxidase?

A

selenium (Se)

180
Q

Which mineral is an antioxidant?

A

selenium (Se)

181
Q

What is the function of fluoride (F)?

A

increase hardness of teeth

182
Q

If someone has a deficiency in fluoride then they are more prone to….

A

dental caries (cavities)

183
Q

If someone has fluoride toxicity then they have….

A

hyperfluorosis

Nutrition (7 decks)

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