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Nutrition > Carbs (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Carbs (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of carbs?

A

1) energy
2) protect body proteins
3) prevent ketone bodies ( if theres too many ketone bodies = ketosis or ketoacidosis)

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2
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

mono or disaccharides

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3
Q

What are complex carbs?

A

oligo or polysaccharides

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4
Q

Are monosaccharides water soluble or insoluble?

A

water soluble

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5
Q

Which sugar class is found freely in nature?

A

monosaccharides only

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6
Q

What are the 3 important monosaccharides?

A

1) D- glucose (dextrose)
2) D-fructose (levulose)
3) D-galactose

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7
Q

Are disaccharides water soluble or insoluble?

A

water soluble

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8
Q

Disaccharides are formed by linking other monosaccharides together in a _______________ reaction

A

condensation

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9
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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10
Q

What is the glycosidic bond in maltose?

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

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11
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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12
Q

What is the glycosidic bond in sucrose?

A

alpha 1, beta 2 glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

galactose + glucose

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14
Q

What is the glycosidic bond in lactose?

A

beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

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15
Q

What are the 3 important disaccharides?

A

1) maltose
2) sucrose
3) lactose

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16
Q

Oligosaccharides are 3-10 units. What are 2 examples and where are they found?

A

raffinose and stachyose are found in beans and legumes

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17
Q

What are the 3 homo-polysaccharides discussed in class?

A

1) starch
2) cellulose
3) glycogen

(3k + monosaccharides (glucose) bound together)

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18
Q

What are the 2 starches we talked about?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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19
Q

Is cellulose digestible or indigestible?

A

indigestible

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20
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

in liver and muscles

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21
Q

Which starch is a linear chain of repeating glucose molecules?

A

amylose

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22
Q

What glycosidic bond(s) does amylose have?

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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23
Q

Which starch is highly branched with repeating glucose units?

A

amylopectin

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24
Q

What glycosidic bond(s) does amylopectin have?

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds with alpha 1,6 branch points

note: this is the same for glycogen

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25
Q

What has a similar structure to amylopectin but is more highly branched?

A

glycogen (repeating glucose units)

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26
Q

What glycosidic bond(s) does glycogen have?

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds with alpha 1,6 branch points

note: this is the same for amylopectin

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27
Q

What is the storage form of CHO for plants?

A

starch

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28
Q

What is the storage form of CHO for animals?

A

glycogen

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29
Q

Which end of polysaccharides allow for addition or release of glucose?

A

nonreducing ends

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30
Q

What is the major component of plant cell walls?

A

cellulose (repeating units of glucose)

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31
Q

What glycosidic bond(s) does cellulose have?

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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32
Q

Cellulose is defined as fiber and is indigestible to humans. Why?

A

humans are unable to hydrolyze the beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

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33
Q

Other dietary CHOs we consume contribute to cell structure in animals and plants. Food additives are used to……

A

emulsify foods

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34
Q

What hetero-polysaccharides make up the ECM of animals?

A

hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (these are the 2 most common GAGs)

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35
Q

What sugars are usually present in glycoproteins and glycolipids?

A

-glucose
-xylose
-sialic acid
-mannose
-glucosamine
-galactosamine

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36
Q

What sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

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37
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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38
Q

What are the 3 carbs usually found in food additives?

A

1) carrageenan (galactose sulfate)
2) agar
3) pectin

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39
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

glycoprotein (glucose + sugar), consists of long GAGs (repeating disaccharide unit) attached to core protein, usually contains glucuronic acids (jelly like)

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40
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?

A

long hetero-polysaccharides consisting of a repeating disaccharide units

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41
Q

What is the recommended CHO intake for adults per day?

A

130 g a day

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42
Q

How many carbs should you eat a day to prevent ketosis?

test q

A

50-100 gm

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43
Q

What is the recommended percentage of energy that comes from carbs?

A

45-65% of total energy should come from carbs

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44
Q

T/F: generally speaking, the American population consumes 50-200 gm more of CHO a day than the recommended amount

A

true, primarily from white bread, soda, and baked goods

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45
Q

Are simple sugars nutrient dense?

A

no, low nutrient density

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46
Q

What is the recommended total kcal percentage of simple sugar intake a day?

test q

A

10%, but the absolute max should be 25%

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47
Q

T/F: simple sugars are added to food and drinks during processing

A

true

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48
Q

Are natural sugars (like fructose and lactose) included in simple sugar intake per day percentage?

A

no

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49
Q

What does glycemic response refer to?

A

how quickly glucose is absorbed after a person eats, how high blood glucose rises, and how quickly it returns back to normal

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50
Q

What is glycemic response compared to?

A

a given standard

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51
Q

Glycemic response is beneficial to keep track of for who?

A

diabetics to know which foods to avoid that give them a spike or fall

athletes, like an endurance runner should want a food that maintains their blood sugar for as long as possible

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52
Q

What is glycemic response influenced by?

A

amount of:
-starch
-fiber
-processing
-structure
-presence of other macronutrients

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53
Q

Which foods have a low glycemic index (GI of 55 or less)

A

-fruits
-beans
-seeds
-whole intact grains
-veggies

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54
Q

Which foods have a medium glycemic index (GI of 56-69)?

A

-white sugar
-juice
-regular ice cream
-banana

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55
Q

Which foods have a high glycemic index (GI of 70+)?

A

-glucose (dextrose)
-high fructose corn syrup
-white bread
-white rice
-sweet potato
-white potato

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56
Q

T/F: there is a direct relationship between diets high in fiber and colon cancer (greater than 35g per day)

A

FALSE- inverse relationship!!! 35 g a day decreases colon cancer by 40%

57
Q

Dietary fiber is classified as ______________ or _____________

A

soluble, insoluble

58
Q

Some fiber is insoluble in water. This means that it is….

A

non-viscous

59
Q

What are the 3 insoluble fibers?

A

1) cellulose
2) hemicellulose
3) lignin

60
Q

Which fiber is both soluble and insoluble?

A

hemicellulose

61
Q

Which fibers cannot be fermented by the bacteria in the colon?

A

insoluble fibers

62
Q

What fiber is excreted in feces as bulk fiber?

A

insoluble fiber

63
Q

What is the function of insoluble fiber?

A

clean up GI tract and increase fecal weight

64
Q

What are the major food sources of insoluble fiber?

A

-brown rice
-fruits
-legumes
-seeds, like flax seeds
-veggies like cabbage, carrots, and brussel sprouts
-whole grains

65
Q

Does insoluble fiber increase or decrease fecal weight?

A

increase fecal weight

66
Q

Does insoluble fiber increase or decrease transit time through the colon?

A

decrease transit time through colon

67
Q

Which fiber provides the feeling of bulk and fullness?

A

insoluble fiber

68
Q

What are the health benefits of insoluble fiber?

A

-alleviate constipation
-lower risk of diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, and appendicitis
-helps with weight management

69
Q

Some fiber is soluble in water. This means it is….

A

viscous

70
Q

What are the 4 soluble fibers?

A

1) agar
2) mucilage
3) pectin
4) hemicellulose (some)

71
Q

Which fiber is found on the skin of fruit for apples, citrus, etc?

A

pectin

72
Q

T/F: water soluble fiber forms a viscous solution, so it can be fermented by bacteria in the colon

A

true

73
Q

What are the major food sources of soluble fiber?

A

-whole grain products especially oats and rye
-fruits like apples and citrus
-legumes
-seeds
-husks
-veggies

74
Q

Which fiber lowers blood cholesterol by binding to bile?

test q

A

soluble fiber

75
Q

Does soluble fiber decrease or increase the synthesis of secondary bile acids?

A

decreases (reduces conc. of secondary bile acids)

76
Q

Does soluble fiber slow or speed up glucose absorption?

A

slows glucose absorption (this also in turn decreases risk for DM)

77
Q

Does soluble fiber slow or speed up transit of food through upper GI tract?

A

slows transit of food

78
Q

Which fiber holds moisture in stools (softens stool)?

A

soluble fiber

79
Q

Which fiber yields SCFAs after fermentation that the colon can use for energy (contributes to good gut flora)?

A

soluble fiber

80
Q

Soluble fiber lowers the risk for what 3 diseases?

A

heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer

81
Q

What enzyme is found in the mouth and breaks down carbs?

A

salivary amylase (ptyalin)

82
Q

What is starch broken down to in the mouth?

A

dextrins and maltose

83
Q

Amylase cuts ____________ o glycosidic bonds and the smallest product generated is maltose

A

alpha 1, 4

84
Q

Can you taste the sweetness of carbs the more you chew it?

A

apparently yes

85
Q

Pancreatic amylase is released and secreted into the duodenum. It cuts ___________ o-glycosidic bond

A

alpha 1, 4 (same as salivary amylase)

86
Q

Pancreatic amylase will shorten the starch chain but cannot cut the branches. So there can be 3 different products:

A

1) alpha limit dextrins (alpha 1,6 glucose- glucose)
2) trisaccharide (maltotriose)
3) disaccharides (maltose)

87
Q

What are the 4 intestinal enzymes that line the brush border of SI?

A

1) isomaltase (alpha-dextrinase)
2) maltase
3) sucrase
4) lactase

88
Q

What does isomaltase (alpha-dextrinase) break down?

A

cleaves the branches of alpha limit dextrins, a product of amylopectin digestion

so it breaks an alpha 1,6 glucose glucose bond

89
Q

What does maltase break down?

A

alpha 1,4 bond from a glucose-glucose linkage

so a maltose or maltotriose gets broken down and becomes just 1 glucose

90
Q

What does sucrase break down?

A

alpha 1, beta 2 bond from a glucose-fructose linkage

91
Q

What does lactase break down?

A

beta 1, 4 bond from a glucose - galactose linkage

92
Q

Where do disaccharides undergo digestion?

A

in the SI

93
Q

What is the major product of starch digestion?

A

maltose!!!!!

the other 2 products are maltotriose (3 glucose molecules linked together) and alpha dextrins (also known as alpha limit dextrin which is several glucose molecules linked together with at least one alpha 1, 6 branch point)

94
Q

What is the product of amylopectin digestion?

A

alpha limit dextrin

95
Q

Both glucose and galactose use which transporter for active transport into enterocytes?

A

SGLT

96
Q

Fructose uses facilitated diffusion to get into enterocytes. What transporter is used?

A

GLUT 5

97
Q

Active transport is faster than facilitated diffusion causing….

A

tremendous increases in plasma glucose

98
Q

GLUT passive transporters absorb monosaccharides to the liver from the portal vein. From here then what happens?

A

-fructose and galactose are transformed to glucose
-released to blood stream
-allows the liver to control glucose content in the bloodstream
-stored as glycogen or fat

99
Q

Why does HK present in the brain have a low Km compared with GK (HK D)?

A

every tissue has HK so theres a higher affinity than GK, and the only tissue that has GK is the liver

so HK has small Km and Vmax while GK has large Km and Vmax

100
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

-lactose is indigestible or absorbable
-large intestinal bacteria metabolizes lactose and this causes gas, bloating, cramping, discomfort

101
Q

What are the 2 forms of lactose intolerance?

A

adult onset or congenital

101
Q

T/F: 25% of all adults in the US have some form of lactose intolerance (mild to severe)

A

true

102
Q

Who has increased frequency of chances of being lactose intolerant?

A

African Americans, Asians, Arabs, or Ashkenazy Jews (70% in adults, 30% in children)

103
Q

What can you do for lactose intolerance?

A

-eat small amounts of dairy with fat in it
-cheese and yogurt are usually tolerated well
-use products such as lactaid or lactose free products

104
Q

How many glucose transporters are there?

A

at least 7

105
Q

Insulin is not responsive to which GLUT transporters?

A

GLUT 1, 2, and 3

106
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found?

A

found everywhere but especially in RBCs and brain barrier

107
Q

Where is GLUT 2 found?

A

in the liver

108
Q

Where is GLUT 3 found?

A

in neurons

109
Q

Which GLUT transporters are responsive to insulin?

A

GLUT 4 only

note: levels of GLUT 4 are decreased in insulin resistance cases

110
Q

Where is GLUT 4 found?

A

-adipose tissue
-skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue

111
Q

GLUT 5 is a ____________ transporter

A

fructose

112
Q

What is the adequate amount of intake for dietary fiber a day for men and women?

A

25 g a day for women, 38 g a day for men

113
Q

Do Americans typically eat enough fiber?

A

no, we need to up our fiber intake (the average American eats only 13-17 g a day when we need 25-38 g a day)

114
Q

What happens if you eat too much fiber (more than 60 g a day)?

A

-require extra intake of fluid
-bind to some minerals
-develop phytobezoars (phyto = stomach), its masses of undigested fiber matter that are typically associated with fibrous fruits and vegetables, or eating cotton balls)

115
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

condition in which the intestinal walls develop bulges in weakened areas

116
Q

What is the treatment for diverticulosis?

A

-high fiber diet of fruits, veggies, whole grains (2 tsp of bran daily)
-exercise
-fluids, especially water

117
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A

inflammation of the diverticula

118
Q

What is the treatment for diverticulitis?

A

rest the bowel by going on a low residue diet, also known as low fiber diet
-this is commonly done with lots of liquids like fruit juice, soda, milk
-white rice or bread
-meat

119
Q

High fructose corn syrup is known to cause what 2 diseases?

A

DM and obesity

119
Q

What is high fructose corn syrup?

A

-40-90% fructose
-cornstarch treated with acid and enzymes
-conversion of glucose into fructose
-the same degree of sweetness as sucrose
-cheaper than other “sugars” and is used in many food products for a preservative

120
Q

What are the 5 types of sweeteners we discussed in class?

A

1) high fructose corn syrup
2) brown sugar
3) maple syrup
4) honey
5) sugar alcohols (polyols)

121
Q

Which sweetener is nutritious with iron and contains molasses?

A

brown sugar (better than white sugar according to Dr. Zhou)

122
Q

What 2 sweeteners contain antioxidants?

A

maple syrup and honey

123
Q

Does sugar alcohol contain alcohol?

A

no

124
Q

Which sweetener is this?
-absorbed and metabolized slower
-does not generate acid like regular sugar
-large amounts cause diarrhea
-does not spike glucose levels like regular sugar so it is sometimes called diabetic sugar

boards q

A

sugar alcohols (polyols)

125
Q

What is the sweetest sugar?

A

fructose (levulose)

126
Q

What is the sweetest artificial sweetener?

A

alitame

127
Q

Which of these compounds is a simple sugar?
A) raffinose
B) amylose
C) sucrose
D) cellulose

A

C) sucrose

128
Q

Which of the following is NOT true?
A) cellulose is an insoluble fiber
B) rye and oats are good food sources of soluble fiber
C) pectin is made from apple skin
D) bread is a good source of fiber

A

D) bread is a good source of fiber

129
Q

What is the principle carb produced by the action of amylase on dietary starch?

A

maltose

130
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose are secreted by?

A

SI

131
Q

Glucose precursors are primarily derived from?

A

AAs

132
Q

T/F: glycogen is a storage form of carbs in plants

A

false

133
Q

T/F: potato is rich in complex carbs

A

true

134
Q

T/F: whole grain is a good source of dietary fiber

A

true

135
Q

T/F: drinking red wine is good for your health

A

false

136
Q

What is sorbitol?

A

a sugar alcohol

Nutrition (7 decks)

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