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Earth Science > Minerals and Rocks > Flashcards

Minerals and Rocks Flashcards

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1
Q
  • naturally occurring
  • has a definite chemical composition
  • a definite crystal structure
A

mineral

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2
Q

examples of graphite

carbon

A

pencil lead, batteries

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3
Q

examples of sulfur

nonmetalic, chemical

A

matches, fireworks

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4
Q

examples of talc

A

Powder, ceramics

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5
Q

examples of non minerals

A

cement, steel, man-made

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6
Q

not composed of organic matter/not from living things

A

inorganic

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7
Q

coal is from?

A

plants

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8
Q

amber is from?

A

tree sap

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9
Q

pearls are from?

A

oysters

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10
Q

have a definite volume and a definite shape

A

SOLIDS

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11
Q

Mercury is not a mineral because?

A

it is liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

combined with one or more metals

(largest group of minerals)

A

silicate minerals

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13
Q

extremely rare

(subdivided into several
other classes)

A

non-silicate minerals

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14
Q

elements found in nature in their mineral form

A

native elements

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15
Q

minerals that contain sulfur ions

A

sulfides

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16
Q

minerals which include the sulfate ion

A

sulfates

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17
Q

minerals that contain oxygen bonded with one or more metals

A

oxides

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18
Q

minerals containing (OH) are typically included in this class.

A

hydroxides

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19
Q

minerals with that contain Fluorine,
Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine ions.

A

Halides

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20
Q

minerals that contain a carbonate ion, CO2−3.

A

Carbonates

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21
Q

The internal structure or arrangement of atoms within a mineral

A

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE/Halite (NaCl)

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22
Q

Atoms/molecules are arranged in?

A

repeating geometric patterns

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23
Q

what are the six (6) BASIC CRYSTAL SYSTEMS?

A
  1. cubic
  2. tetragonal
  3. hexagonal
  4. orthorhombic
  5. monoclinic
  6. triclinic
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24
Q

minerals form when?

A

a) lava or magma cools to solidification

b) water evaporates and leaves minerals remain

c) water is supersaturated with a mineral; minerals will settle out of the water and deposit as a precipitate.

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25
Q

what are the six (6) Physical Properties?

A
  1. color
  2. streak
  3. luster
  4. hardness
  5. cleavage or fracture
  6. density
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26
Q

Specific and unique for each mineral

A

Chemical Properties

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27
Q

Determined by chemical composition and structure

A

IDENTIFYING MINERALS

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28
Q

Not a reliable property; some minerals can be many different colors

A

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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29
Q

Color may vary due to?

A

1) Natural coloring agents -impurities
2) Weathering; exposure to the environment

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30
Q

The color of the mineral in its powdered form

A

Streak

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31
Q

Determined by using a streak plate

A

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

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32
Q

The way a mineral shines/reflects light from its surface.

A

Luster

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33
Q

reflects light like the surface of a
polished metal

A

Metallic

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34
Q

reflects light in more subtle ways

A

Non Metallic

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35
Q

A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched.

a) Determined by a
minerals internal structure.

b) When a mineral is scratched by a substance; it is softer than the substance

c) When a mineral scratches a substance; it is harder than the
substance

A

Hardness

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36
Q

When a mineral splits/breaks along smooth flat surfaces

(is the way a mineral breaks)

A

Cleavage

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37
Q

One direction; sheet

A

Mica

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38
Q

Three; cubic shape

A

Galena

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39
Q

is the way crystal grows

A

crystal shape

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40
Q

When a mineral breaks unevenly
into curved or irregular pieces with a rough and jagged surfaces.

A

Fracture

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41
Q

examples of sulfur?

A

bauxite, hematite, quartz

42
Q

Minerals have different densities, and vary in weight given the same sample size

(How heavy the mineral feels in your hand)

A

Density or Heft

43
Q

what are the three (3) SPECIAL PROPERTIES?

A

Lodestone-Magnetite
Iceland Spar-Calcite
Pitchblend

44
Q

what is a Pitchblend?

A

radioactive

45
Q

what is a Iceland Spar-Calcite?

A

produces double refraction

46
Q

what is a Lodestone-Magnetite?

A

naturally magnetic

47
Q

A mineral that contains metals and
nonmetals that can be mined and removed in usable amounts; for a profit

A

Ore

48
Q

elements that have a shiny surfaces, are able to conduct heat and electricity, and are malleable

A

Metals

49
Q

Elements that have dull surfaces
and are poor conductors of heat and electricity and are brittle.

A

Nonmetals

50
Q

A mixture of two or more metals or a mixture of metals and nonmetals

A

Alloy

51
Q

Minerals that have desirable qualities; such as hardness, color, luster, clarity, durability, rarity…

A

Gems

52
Q

what are the four (4) Precious Stones?

A

Diamond, Rubies, Sapphires, Emeralds

53
Q

what are the three (3) Semi-Precious Stones?

A

Amethyst, Garnet, Topaz

54
Q

Gems that are not minerals

A

Pearls, Amber

55
Q

Many kinds of rocks are composed of minerals

A

Granite; mica, feldspar and quartz

56
Q

rocks that are composed of ONLY ONE mineral

A

Monomineralic

57
Q

rocks that are composed of TWO OR MORE minerals

A

Polymineralic

58
Q

There are almost 4, XXX different minerals

A

4,700

59
Q

Silicates make up to how many % of the crust?

A

90%

60
Q

are classified based on their method of formation/origin.

A

Rocks

61
Q

3 Rock Groups

A
  1. Sedimentary
  2. Igneous
  3. Metamorphic
62
Q

Rocks that usually form in horizontal layers; from the accumulation of sediment, organic matter, or chemical precipitates

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

63
Q

form from mineral particles and
sediment that are compacted and cemented together

A

Clastic

64
Q

pressed by weight of overlying rock

A

Compaction

65
Q

glued by natural cements in water

A

Cementation

66
Q

form from minerals dissolved in
water; which settle-out/precipitate.

A

Chemical

67
Q

form from the accumulation of
plant/animal matter that undergoes a transformation into rock.

A

Organic

68
Q

a) They are composed of rock, mineral or organic particles.

b) Some have a range of particle sizes.

c) Some have a uniform sediment size; due to sorting during deposition

A

SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS

69
Q

0.2 - 0.006cm

A

Sandstone

70
Q

0.006 –0.0004cm

A

Siltstone

71
Q

less than 0.0004 cm

A

Slate

72
Q

Some rocks are organic and may contain?

A

fossils

73
Q

Usually form in horizontal layers called?

A

strata or beds

74
Q

Form from the cooling and
crystallization/solidification of molten lava or magma

A

IGNEOUS ROCKS

75
Q

TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

A

Extrusive/Volcanic
Intrusive/Plutonic

76
Q

Forms from the fast cooling of lava on or near Earth’s surface.

A

Extrusive/Volcanic

77
Q

Form from the slow cooling of magma within the Earth

A

Intrusive/Plutonic

78
Q

Rocks that form from pre-existing rocks (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic);that have been changed.

(Often found in mountainous regions where the deeper bedrock
is exposed due to weathering and erosion)

A

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

79
Q

can rearrange and form new rocks due to contact with extreme heat
(magma), or extreme pressure (orogeny)

A

Molecules

80
Q

Conditions that cause rocks to undergo metamorphism

A

1) Heat
2) Pressure
3) Chemical Activity

81
Q

Rocks around a magma/lava can be metamorphosed through direct contact with the magma/lava

A

Contact Metamorphism

82
Q

Rocks buried deep within the crust can re-crystallize due to extreme pressure during mountain building events

A

Regional Metamorphism

83
Q

Environments within the crust have high temperatures and high pressure; causing rocks to change by recrystallization.

A

METAMORPHIC CHANGES

84
Q

TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
TEXTURE

A

Foliated
Non-Foliated/Unfoliated

85
Q

Rock has mineral crystals arranged
in layers or parallel bands.

A

Foliated

86
Q

Minerals join; but do not form visible layers.

A

Mineral Alignment

87
Q

Mineral crystals join and arrange in
layers; Gneiss

A

Banding

88
Q

Rock does not have mineral crystals arranged in layers; do not break in layers/sheets

A

Non-Foliated/Unfoliated

89
Q

examples of famous rocks

A
  • whitehouse; sandstone
  • grand canyon; layers of sedimentary rocks
  • mount rushmore; granite
  • pyramids; limestone
  • great wall of china; stone, brick, etc.
90
Q

igneous rocks examples

A

obsidian, granite

91
Q

sedimentary rocks examples

A

sandstone, limestone

92
Q

metamorphic rocks examples

A

slate, marble

93
Q

minerals examples

A

quartz, talc, halite, silver, copper, diamond

94
Q

what is Au element?

A

gold

95
Q

what is S element?

A

sulfur

96
Q

what is Ag element?

A

silver

97
Q

Tin+Copper

A

Bronze

98
Q

Copper+Zinc

A

Brass

99
Q

Iron+Chromium+Limestone

A

Steel

100
Q

Tead+Tin

A

Pewten

Earth Science (2 decks)

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