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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things is H2O balance regulated by?

A
  1. Antidiuretic
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. Aldosterone
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2
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone secreted in response to?

A

decrease blood pressure and blood volume, increase salt concentration of extracellular fluids

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3
Q

How does antidiuretic increase blood volume and pressure?

A

Stimulates thirst, kidneys reabsorb water, promotes vasoconstriction

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4
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A
  • activated by renin

- Increases blood volume and pressure by vasoconstriction, stimulating thirst and stimulating release of aldosterone

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5
Q

Why is the enzyme renin released?

A

cells in kidney detect high sodium concentration in the blood

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6
Q

What is aldosterone?

A
  • Released in response to stimulation by angiotensin II when blood volume and pressure are low
  • increases blood volume and pressure by increasing sodium retention in kidneys, increase h2o reabsorption (osmosis)
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7
Q

What are the functions of wateR?

A

solvent, environment for chem rxns, hydrolysis/dehydration, primary constituent of blood, protection, regulate body temp

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8
Q

What is dehydration?

A

decrease in blood volume, impairing nutrient delivery and waste removal

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9
Q

What are the early symptoms of dehydration?

A

thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry eyes/mouth, diarrhea

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10
Q

What are the late symptoms?

A

nausea, difficulty concentrating, confusion, disorientation, collapse. loss of more than 10-20% may result in death

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11
Q

What can water intoxication lead to?

A

Hyponaturemia: too much h2o in relation to sodium in body causes a drop in sodium concentration

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12
Q

Symptoms of water intoxication?

A
  • water moves into tissues causing swelling

- disorientation, convulsion, nausea, muscle cramps, slurred speech, confusion

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13
Q

Which diets need more h2O?

A

Low calorie diets: more water to excrete wastes from fat and protein
High fibre, high salt diets

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14
Q

What are the requirements for major and minor minerals?

A

Major >100mg/day

Minor <100mg/day

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15
Q

What are some factors that affect mineral absorption?

A

source, what else is eaten at the same time, preparation, varies on the person, easier to absorb minerals from animals

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16
Q

What are the 3 electrolyte minerals?

A

Na, K, Cl

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17
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

charged ions responsible for electrical activity in body, regulate fluid balance, can be lost be excessive sweating, diarrhea and vomiting

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18
Q

Sodium

A

Main +ve extracellular ion

involved in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance

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19
Q

Sodium deficiencies?

A

hyponaturemia: muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite, confusion

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20
Q

Potassium

A

main +ve intracellular ion

involved in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance (same as sodium but opposite direction)

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21
Q

Potassium deficiencies?

A
  • hypokalcemia
  • acutely can lead to irregular heart beat, fatigue, muscle cramps, confusion
  • chronically increase risk of hypertension
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22
Q

Potassium toxicity?

A

irregular heartbeat

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23
Q

Chloride

A

major -ve extracellular ion. unlikely to have deficiency or toxicity

24
Q

What is bone

A

composed of protein matrix hardened by mineral deposits. involves 3 cell types.

25
Q

What are the 3 cell types in bones?

A

osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes

26
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone breaking cells

27
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone building cells (immature cells)

28
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

what osteoblasts become when incorporated into bone

29
Q

How to avoid osteoporosis?

A
  • Increase: weight bearing exercise, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, Mg, K, fibre, Na, protein, estrogen
  • avoid: smoking, low BMI, alcohol abuse
30
Q

Calcium

A

Involved in nerve signalling, heart/muscle contraction, glandular secretions. 99% stored in bones. Body can take it from bone if needed

31
Q

How is calcium regulated?

A
  • drop in blood Ca increase parathyroid hormone release which stimulates and increase in osteoclasts activity to release Ca from bones, increase activity of vitamin D (Ca absorption at kidneys)
  • Increase in blood Ca. increase in calcitonin release which works on bones to inhibit Ca release into blood
32
Q

What are the calcium needs?

A

19-50yrs: 1000mg/day. may need to increase after 50yrs

33
Q

Phosphorous

A

combined with Ca forms hydroxyapatite crystals of bones and teeth
-Buffers pH, part of DNA, RNA, phospholipids & some proteins, assists in energy metabolism(ATP), activation and deactivation of enzymes through phosphorylation rxns

34
Q

Magnesium

A

-regulates Ca homeostasis, needed for Vit D, PTH activity, helps regulate blood pressure

35
Q

Deficiency Symptoms of Magnesium?

A

Rare; nausea, muscle weakness, mental derangement, changes in blood pressure

36
Q

Toxicity of Magnesium

A

nausea, vomit, low blood pressure

37
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A

iron, copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, chromium, fluoride, manganese, molybdenum…

38
Q

Iron

A

part of hemoglobin & myoglobin (muscles); crucial for O2 transport, part of iron containing proteins in electron transport chain

39
Q

What is hemeiron?

A

part of heme/myoglobin, from animal sources, 2x better absorbed

40
Q

What is non-heme iron?

A

From plant sources, harder to absorb, absorption improved when eaten with sources of heme iron; vitamin C

41
Q

Deficiencies of Iron?

A

anemia (pale small RBC), fatigue, weakness, headache, behaviour changes, poor temp regulation

42
Q

Iron toxicity?

A

Hemochromatosis (build up over time), weight loss, fatigue, weakness, abdominal pain
can damage heart, liver, increase risk of diabetes, cancer

43
Q

Copper

A

Involved in: connective tissue synthesis, lipid metabolism, heart muscle maintenance, part of antioxidant superoxidedismutase

44
Q

Deficiency of Copper?

A

improper collagen synthesis, impaired growth, elevated blood cholesterol, increase risk of infection, can also lead to iron-deficiency anemia because copper containing protein is required for iron absoption

45
Q

What are the many roles of zinc?

A

-Crucial in gene expression, part of antioxidant zinc superoxidedismutase, needed to maintain concentration of metal binding proteins, DNA/RNA synthesis, carb metabolism, acid/base balance, storage/release of insulin, mobilizes vitamin A from liver, stabilizes cell membranes, hormonal regulation of cell division, growth/repair of tissues, immune system, sex organs

46
Q

Zinc deficiency?

A

Rare in North America; impairs growth, immune system, causes skin rash, diarrhea

47
Q

Zinc toxicity?

A

Digestive tract irritation, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, can interfere with iron absorption

48
Q

Selenium

A

Incorporated into structure of some proteins

49
Q

Selenium Deficiency?

A

Can lead to keshans disease, risk of cancer

50
Q

Iodine

A

Part of thyroid hormone; regulate metabolic rate

51
Q

Iodine Deficiency

A

can’t synthesize enough thyroid hormone

  • slower metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain, can lead to goitre (thyroid gland tries to synthesize enough but can’t so it enlarges)
  • can lead to cretinism; irreversible, inadequate maternal levels during pregnancy, impairs mental function, growth
52
Q

Chromium

A

key component of glucose tolerance factor, required to maintain normal blood glucose levels

53
Q

Fluoride

A

helps prevent dental caries > part of fluropatite > makes up tooth enamel

54
Q

Manganese

A

Part of some enzymes & activates others, involved in card/cholesterol metabolism, bone formation, synthesis of urea, superoxidedismutase

55
Q

Molybdenum

A

also needed to activate enzymes, metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids, nitrogen containing compounds in DNA/RNA, production of uric acid, oxidation & detoxification

Nutrition (3 decks)

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