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Companion Animal Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are macrominerals?

A

‘major’ minerals required by the body in amounts of 100mg or more per day

maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance within the body,nerve impulse conduction,muscle contractions and providing cells and tissues with structure.

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2
Q

What are microminerals

A

required by the body in trace amounts (very small amounts) per day(<0.01%)

Acting at a cellular level they regulate many functions in the body including the uptake of other minerals in the diet and are usually found as part of any enzyme.

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3
Q

3 examples of macrominerals

A

Phosphorus (P)

Potassium (K)

Sodium (Na)

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4
Q

3 examples of microminerals?

A

Iodine (I)

Zinc (Zn)

Iron (Fe)

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5
Q

Potassium - What the mineral does in the body?

A

Potassium is needed to maintain fluid balance in the body (acids and bases).

It’s really important for normal, regular heart, muscle and nerve functions as well as enzyme function

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6
Q

Potassium - Deficiencies – what can this cause? (3)
How does it occur? (3)

A

Cardiac arrest
Weakness,
Loss of appetite,
Nervous disorders
Poor growth

Potassium deficiency occurs due to - chronic vomiting, kidney disease, burns and other illnesses.

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7
Q

Potassium - Excess - what can this cause?

A

Potassium toxicity.
Occurs due to Addison’s disease where the adrenal gland doesn’t produce enough of the hormone that regulates potassium. Symptoms include arrhythmia, weakness and collapse.

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8
Q

Potassium - food sources

A

Apple cider vinegar, seaweed, banana, green leafy vegetables, parsley

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9
Q

Calcium - What the mineral does in the body?

A

Mineral needed alongside vitamin D to develop and maintain healthy bones and teeth.

Plays a vital role in many systems including metabolic processes, transporting information via the nervous system, control of muscle contraction – including heart rhythm and blood clotting

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10
Q

Calcium - Deficiencies – what can this cause?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Heart irregularities, young animals - poor bone growth and dental development.

Identified in low bone density because bone acts as a reservoir in times of need

Insufficient calcium in bones can result from an inadequate supply of vitamin D which is essential for the absorption of calcium

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11
Q

Calcium - Excess - what can this cause?

A

Excess (Hypercalcemia): Increased urination & thirst, Kidney disease - lack of appetite (anorexia), Vomiting and Decreased gastrointestinal function, urolith formation

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12
Q

Calcium - food sources

A

Green leafy vegetables, fish, egg/shell, dairy products, wholegrains

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13
Q

Phosphorus - What the mineral does in the body?

A

Aids skeletal rigidy with calcium, Filters waste from kidney; Energy utilisation and transfer, Maintains osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Phosphorus - Deficiencies – what can this cause?

A

Hypophosphatemia.
Slow rate of growth in young animals, Lethargy, Loss of weight, Muscle weakness

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15
Q

Phosphorus- Excess - what can this cause?

A

Hyperphosphatemia - disruption in electrolytes.
urolithiasis
Muscular spasms
Tremors

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16
Q

Phosphorus food sources

A

Oats, bran, black sunflower seeds, raw meat, fish, eggs, dairy, dried fruit

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17
Q

Sodium - What the mineral does in the body? 4

A

Main component of extracellular fluid
Maintains fluid balance in the body /regulation of pH.
Nervous impulses and maintaining electrolyte balance in the body.
Muscle function - ie heart contraction

18
Q

Sodium - Deficiencies – what can this cause? (4)
What is it called ? (1)

A

Low sodium is called hyponatremia

Lethargy
Weakness
Nausea/vomiting
Dullness
Dehydration
Confusion
Seizures

19
Q

Sodium- Excess - what can this cause? (4)
What is this called?

A

Hypernatremia and can be caused by dehydration or overheating

Increased thirst and water consumption
Excessive thirst and urination
Weakness and lethargy
Confused, disorientated
Muscle twiches and trembling
Hypertension (high blood pressure)

20
Q

Sodium - food sources

A

Kelp, celery, rock salt, seaweeds, watermelon, ocean fish, asparagus

21
Q

Magnesium - What the mineral does in the body? 3

A

Required for muscle contraction and neuromuscular function
Constituent of organelles such as the mitochondrion
Cofactor in enzymes involved in energy transport

22
Q

Magnesium Deficiencies – what can this cause? (4)

A

anorexia, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, seizures, muscle spasticity, personality changes, abnormal heart rhythms.

23
Q

Magnesium - Excess - what can this cause?

A

digestive issues, lethargy and an irregular heartbeat.

Urolith formation. In rare cases can be fatal.

24
Q

Magnesium - food sources (4)

A

Green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds and whole grains seaweed, bran, dandelion, soybeans

25
Q

Copper - What the mineral does in the body? (4)

A

The formation of collagen, bone and connective tissue
Skin and hair pigmentation
Absorption of iron
Maturing of red blood cells.

26
Q

Copper - Deficiencies – what can this cause?

A

Copper deficiency is also rare in dogs but when it does occur it can cause anaemia, fatigue, irritability, nerve damage, hair depigmentation and weight loss.

27
Q

Copper - Excess - what can this cause?

A

Excess copper can cause copper toxicity and how copper is stored can play a big part in toxicity.

Copper toxicity is very rare but is caused by copper accumulating in the liver causing hepatitis, symptoms of this are weight loss, jaundice, lethargy and vomiting.

Breeds most likely to be affected by this are; Bedlington terriers and West highland white terriers as it can be hereditary.

28
Q

Copper - food sources

A

liver, fish, green vegetables, seeds, nuts and lentils.

29
Q

Iron- What the mineral does in the body? 3

A

Synthesis of haemoglobin which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body tissues.
Component in proteins essential for respiration and energy metabolism.
Immune system to function.

30
Q

Iron - Deficiencies – what can this cause? 3

A

Anaemia and anorexia
Decreased growth
weakness and lethargy.

31
Q

Iron - Excess - what can this cause? (4)

A

vomiting
liver problems
gastrointestinal haemorrhage
heart failure

32
Q

Iron - food sources

A

red meat, poultry, eggs, fish, green vegetables.

33
Q

Iodine - What the mineral does in the body?

A

Major constituent of thyroxine which is a hormone produced in the thyroid gland.

Thyroxin controls growth in young animals and the rate of metabolism in adults.

34
Q

Iodine - Deficiencies – what can this cause?

A

Iodine deficiency would be rare but would result in reduced thyroxin production and an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

In young animals this would lead to growth& fertility problems/disorders and high mortality rates of younganimals.

35
Q

Iodine - Excess - what can this cause?

A

An excess of iodine in the body is known as iodine toxicity.

Symptoms include

bone abnormalities

changes to the skin and hair.

36
Q

Iodine- food sources

A

fish (cod and tuna mainly), dairy, eggs

37
Q

Zinc - What the mineral does in the body? (4)

A

Immune system function and strengthening
Cell division and growth
Role in wound healing
Facilitates carbohydrate breakdown

38
Q

Zinc- Deficiencies – what can this cause?

A

RARE

Hair loss
Poor growth
Lethargy

Male dogs may loose the desire to breed

Females may not come into heat

Thickening of the footpads

Zinc deficiency in pregnancy can lead to a still birth

39
Q

Zinc - Excess - what can this cause?

A

Reduces absoption of copper - weak bones and anaemia
Vomiting
Lethargy
Diarrhoea
Increased breathing rate (rapid)
Hair loss

40
Q

Zinc - food sources

A

raw meat and fish

41
Q

What breeds are most likely rto be affected by copper toxicity?
Why is this?

A

Bedlinton terriers and West highland white terriers as it can be hereditary

Companion Animal Nutrition (4 decks)

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