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NUT2001 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Iron

A

Most common and widespread deficiency but the fourth most abundant mineral on earth. Exists as two ions Fe2+ and 3+. But 2+ is dangerous so has to be stored as 3+ or bound to proteins. Stored in the liver.

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2
Q

Myoglobin

A

Muscle

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3
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Red blood cell

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4
Q

Haem absorption

A

Account for 67% of iron in non-vegetarian diets
Haem is released from globin in small intestine
Enter enterocyte and then broken down to Fe3+

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5
Q

Iron absorption

A

Fe3+ is reduced to Fe+ by ascorbic acid and membrane bound to ferric reductase
Absorbed by DMT-1
In cell binds to ferritin transform to Fe3+
Leaves basolateral membrane (Ferritin -MTP1 or Transferrin - IREF-1)
Binds to transferrin in plasma

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6
Q

Ferritin

A 
Fe3+ storage in all cells
Ferroxidase activity to convert 2+ to 3+
Two subunit H and L
24 subunits - 450kDa and spherical shape
Can bind to 4500 mol of Fe
In enterocyte, hepatocyte and macrophage
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7
Q

Transferrin

A 
Glycoprotein transfers Fe3+ in plasma
Made in liver
2 similar binding points for Fe (1/9 have Fe at both, 4/9 at one and 4/9 at neither)
Once at target cell transferrin receptor
TfR1 - largest affinity
TfR2 - Low affinity
Iron enter cell by endocytosis
Endosome becomes acidified and Fe3+ is released
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8
Q

Iron Metabolic function

A

Transport and storage of O2

And erythropoiesis

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Erythroblasts - immature
Reticulocytes - Immature and haem
Reticulocytes - lose nucleus
Erythrocytes

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10
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Reduce capacity of work
Impaired mental or motor development
Reduce immune status
Iron deficiency anaemia

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11
Q

Electrolytes and water

A

Electrolyte concentration depends on volume of urine

If drink less then solute volume becomes higher leading to water leaving plasma

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12
Q

Thirst

A 
Water leave plasma
Reduce blood pressure
Registered by sensory neurone in kidney
Triggers Renin-angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
Increase angiotensin II
Create sensation of thirst
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13
Q

Reabsorption of water

A 
Low plasma volume
Low blood pressure
Baroreceptors detect
Stimulate posterior pituitary
Release ADH
Increase water reabsorption in kidney
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14
Q

Sodium Absorption

A

Sodium hydrogen exchange along apical membrane known as Enac ion channel is distal ileum
Aldosterone causes more on apical membrane
Intracellular cAMP stimulate Enac and inhibit ubiquitin ligase
Sodium leaves basal lateral membrane via Na/K ATPAse

Aldosterone also encourage the reabsorption of Na+ in loop of henle

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15
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Dehydration

Thirst
confusion
Lethargy

Salt free IV to treat
Oral solution to treat

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16
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Solute loss
Water retention
Vomiting and Diarrhoea
Burnt skin

Neurological dysfunction
Brain swelling
Decreased blood pressure

Raise serum Na+ to treat

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17
Q

Potassium absorption

A

Potassium ions brought into cell in exchange for sodium
Increases amount in colonicite
Potassium pumped out the apical or the basolateral according to demand
Controlled by insulin – acts on sodium potassium ATPase

Mostly reabsorbed in proximal convuluted tubule depending on Na absorption in distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

Potassium excretion

A

Potassium selected ion channels along apical membrane

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19
Q

Potassium Function

A

Osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance
Determines resting membrane potential
Nerve transmission
Essential for cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, renal and endocrine
Co-factor for enzymes in energy metabolism

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20
Q

Potassium Deficiency

A

Hypokalaemia
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Low bone mineral density

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21
Q

Chloride Parietal cells

A

Cl- enters parietal cell across basolateral membrane in exchange for HCO3-
H+ is secreted across luminal membrane via H+/K+ ATPase
Cl- follows H+ via Cl- channel is regulated by Ca2+ and cAMP

22
Q

Chloride shift

A

Co2 diffuse from cell into erythrocyte
Co2 + H20 -> HCO3 -> H+ + HCO3-
HCO3- leave cell
Cl- replace HCO3-

23
Q

Fluoride Absorption

A

Fluoride ions associate with H+
90% of fluoride is absorbed in the stomach
Fat increases digestion
Low protein decreases as urinate more frequently
Cations in diet also decrease absorption as associate with fluoride preventing

24
Q

Fluoride function

A

Reduce dental caries
Improve tooth structure
Inhibit anaerobic glycolysis of oral bacteria

25
Q

Fluoride acute toxicity

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain

26
Q

Fluoride chronic toxicity

A

Fluorosis of teeth

Rare but can lead to skeletal fluorosis

27
Q

Zinc Structure

A 
Finger domains
Bonds with other elements to get redox stability
Structural motifs
Involved in catalytic role
Polarised Zn-bound to water
Involved in all enzymes
28
Q

Zinc function

A

Catalytic role
Ionisation
Polarisation
Displacement

29
Q

Zinc Transporter

A

ZnT family
ZIP family
ZNTB

30
Q

ZnT family

A

Reduce cytosolic zinc
6 transmembrane spanning domains
Intra and extra cellular loop
between 4 and 5 is histidine rich loop

31
Q

ZIP family

A

Increase cytosolic zinc
8 transmembrane domains
Histidine rich loop too

32
Q

ZnTB

A

Looks different to others

How it got into epithelial cell

33
Q

Zinc deficiency

A 
Skin lesions
Diarrhoea
Stunted growth
Weakened immune
Poor pregnancy
34
Q

Iodine Absorption

A

I2 in diet reduced to I- gut
Absorbed in upper GIT via active transport NIS (Na+/I- symporter) transport
Controlled by iodine concentration
Uptaken by thyroid gland by NIS

35
Q

Iodine function

A

Part of thyroid hormone

36
Q

Thyroid hormone cascasde

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Stimulate thyroid hormone
Thyroglobulin iodinated to produce iodothyronine and diiodotyrosine
Combine to make thyroid hormone
Release into blood and bound to carrier proteins
Thyronine and Transthyretin bind to T4 at higher affinity than T3

37
Q

T3 components

A

MIT and DIT

38
Q

T4 components

A

DIT and DIT

39
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A

T3 and T4 enter cell via ATP-dependent transport protein
T4 then converted to T3 in tissue - deiodinase enzyme
Binds to gene impacting basal metabolic rate

40
Q

Iodine Deficiency Disorder

A

Worlds most prevalent cause of brain damage
Verge of eliminating
Starts before birth jeopardising Childs mental health

41
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Body notices lack of thyroid hormone
So produces more thyroid stimulating hormone
Swelling of thyroid hormone
Goitre and Cretinism

42
Q

Copper absorption

A

30-40% absorbed depending on body’s need
Decreased with high intake of vitamin C, phytic acid and fibre
High iron and zinc interfere with absorption
Transport using plasma protein
-Ceruloplasmin
-Albumin
Taken up by target cells via membrane protein Ctr1
Excreted in bile

43
Q

Copper function

A

Coenzyme
Ferroxidase - Fe2+ to Fe3+
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (making noradrenaline)
Tyrosinase (pigmentation)
Cytochrome C
Lynyl oxidase (cross linkage of collagen)

44
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Abnormal red blood cells
Non-iron anaemia
Increased susceptibility to infection
Iron toxicity - accumulate in liver because no transferrin

45
Q

Wilsons Disease

A

Inherited recessive trait

Can not metabolise copper

46
Q

Menkes Disease

A

Impaired copper distribution
High copper excretion
Die before 3 years old

47
Q

Chromium Absorption

A

Passive diffusion
Ascorbic acid increase absorption
Cation mineral decrease absorption
Transported by transferrin or chromodulin

48
Q

Chromium function

A

Chromium appears to inhibit the dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor leading to inpaired glucose regulation.
Increases the translocation of vesicles containing transferrin receptors – make iron available – didn’t understand the other part

49
Q

Manganese FUnction

A

CHO metabolism

Role in bone formation

50
Q

Manganese toxicity

A

Seen in individuals working in manganese mine
Sever psychiatric abnormalities
Upper level is 11mg/day

NUT2001 (4 decks)

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