Minerals 03 17 2015 Flashcards
What are the 9 essential minerals
Ms Mic Zic F
Magnesium Selenium Molybdenum Iron Copper Zinc Iodine Chromium Fluoride
Zinc
- function
- food sources
component of several enzymes
- healing
- sense of taste and smell
- Proper function of immune system
- growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence
Food sources:
- animal based foods: meat and seafood
- plant based foods: nuts, beans, whole grains
*Fiber interferes with absorption of zinc
Zinc deficiencies
- growth retardation
- delayed sexual maturation
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica (well demarcated scaly plaques)
Zinc toxicities
Diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting and decreased immune system function
- high zinc interferes with copper absorption and metabolism
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
autosomal recessive– zinc deficiency due to a transporter mutation (absorption deficit)
- skin lesions, diarrhea, and alopecia (hair loss)
- growth retardation
- delayed sexual maturity
- impaired immune system (fatal)
Copper
- function
- Foods
- metabolism
- part of number of enzymes in our body
- regulation of neurotransmitters
- important role in connective tissue formation
- transport of iron
- superoxidase dismutase– prevent oxidative damage to cells
- cytochrome C oxidase – e- transport chain
Animal products: liver, shell fish
Plant products: seeds, legumes, cocoa, nuts
-copper and iron metabolism are linked
Copper deficiency (clinically)
-microytic anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, low serum copper and ceruloplasmin
Signs/symptoms: anemia-related, myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy
*damages nerves
Cause of copper deficiency
- bariatric and peptic ulcer surgery
- malabsorption diseases
- High Zn supplement ingesiton/ consumer products: denture crests, post 1982 pennies
- unknown
Copper toxicitiy
Wilson disease
- autosomal recessive disorder– no way to get rid of copper
- brain and liver lesions
tx: D- penicillamine or high doses of zinc is effective
Hemodialysis– high concentration of trace elements in contaminated dialysis fluids
Selenium
- function
- foods?
- selenoproteins = antioxidants
- immune systme
- proper functioning of thyroid gland
Animal based food: Fish, meat
Plant based food:: whole grain products, nuts (Brazilian nuts have really high levels of selenium and should not be eaten regularly)
Selenium layers in soil
Selenium deficiency
Keshan disease
- heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous– restrictive heart
- may also be associated with certain cancers and thyroid hormone metabolism
Selenium toxicity
nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, irritability, hair loss, brittleness of nails, skin rashes, GARLIC BREATH
Iodine
- function
- foods?
- proper functioning of thyroid and production of thyroid hormones
- cell metabolism, regulation of basal energy expenditure, macronutrient metabolism, growth and organ maturation
Foods: seafood, bread, dairy products, plants growing iodine rich soil/ animals fed with these plants, salt
Iodine deficiency
- impaired growth
- mental retardation
- goiter
- increase risk of thyroid cancer– follicular cancer
- Cretinism: fetus has low birthweight and neurological disorders, (child:)severe mental retardation, short stature,
Iodine toxicity
Possibly increase risk of papillary cancer
Iron
- function
- foods?
- Hemoglobin (RBCs)
- Myoglobin
- Cytochromes
- provide energy to cells to perform work
Animal: meat, poultry, fish, and shellfish
Plant: nuts& seeds, legumes and beans, green leafy beg tables, raisins, whole grains and fortified cereals.
iron deficiency
- FATIGUE
- PICA (compulsive eating of nonfood items)
- PAGOPHAGIA ( compulsive eating of ice)
- PALLOR, PALE CONJUCTIVA and SPOON NAILS
- MICROCYTIC ANMEIA – low hemoglobin
- sensation of feeling cold
- Reduced work capacity and exercise tolerance
- Affect neurotransmitter function
- Affect immunological and inflammatory defuses
Iron that comes from heme vs. non heme
Heme: animal sources, highly absorbable, absorption least influenced by other dietary factors
Non- Heme: various factors affect absorption
Iron Toxicity
- nausea, vomiting, stomach irritation, diarrhea, impaired absorption minerals
Hemochromatosis – C282Y gene
- too much iron accumulation can damage organs, liver, pancreas, and heart muscle and thyroid
- excess GI Fe absorption
- sxs: lethargy and abdominal pain, bronze skin
