Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Mineral Metabolism > Flashcards

Mineral Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of Calcium

A

Ionized Calcium is the physiological active form
Important co-enzyme in coagulation cascade
Role in heart, muscle, and nerve excitability
Suppresses neuromuscular excitability
Plays a role in transport across membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structure and Concentration of Calcium

A

99% located in bone as CaPo4 complex
- Hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Location of Calcium in body

A

Bone - 99%
Other sites - 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Calcium Analysis

A

Two types of tests
Total serum calcium
Protein bound (albumin and globulins)
Complexed to ions (Citrate, phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate)
Ionized Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phosphorus Function

A

Tied up with calcium in skeleton
Other Functions:
- High intracellular phosphate concentration
- Carbohydrate metabolism: ATP
- Component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and nucleotides
- Phosphate buffer important in balancing acid in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Magnesium Function

A

Found in 50% of bone with calcium and phosphorus
Rest is found with potassium inside cell
Acts as a co-enzyme in enzyme reactions
Regulation not fully understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Elevated Magnesium

A

Intoxication
Renal Failure - unable to filter appropriately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Low Magnesium

A

Impaired absorption or intake
Excessive renal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Organs Involved in regulation of Ca and PO4

A

Parathyroids
Thyroid
Kidneys
Liver
Skeletal system
Intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parathyroid Produces

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Regulating Calcium and Phosphorus Concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thyroid Produces

A

C-cells
Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kidneys Function for Ca and PO4

A

Hydroxylate Vitamin D
Control Ca and PO4 absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Liver Creates

A

Hydroxylated Vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parathyroids Info

A

Lobe of the thyroid gland
4 glands are present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by C-cells of Thyroid
Acts antagonistically to PTH
Stimulated by elevated Ca2+
Found in children who also have high Alkaline Phosphatase
Responsible for laying down crystalline bone
Bone and ECF ions are in balance with one another
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Involve in bone resorption
PTH breaks down CaPO4 component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Involved in bone formation
Calcitonin creates when too much Ca2+ in serum

18
Q

Vitamin D

A

Steroid hormone made from cholesteroal
Governs absorption of Ca2+ from GI tract
Activated by low serum Ca2+
Activates formation of carrier protein for Ca2+

19
Q

Vitamin D Conversion

A

Active form undergoes two conversions
- First in liver
- Second in kidneys
Kidneys also actively secrete phosphates and reabsorb Ca2+

20
Q

Hypocalcemia caused

A

Hypoparathyroidism
- Serum calcium = Decreased
- Serum Phosphorus = Increased
- Urine Calcium = Decreased
- Urine Phosphorus = Decreased
- PTH = decreased

21
Q

Hypocalcemia Hypoparathyroidism Complications

A

Twitching
Tetany
Convulsions
- Common cause: Thyroid surgery

22
Q

Hypocalcemia Vitamin D Deficiency

A

PTH is working fine, but no Vit D to absorb
- Serum Calium = Decreased
- Serum Phosphorus = Decreased
- Urine Calcium = Decreased
- Urine Phosphorus = Increased
- PTH = Increased

23
Q

Hypocalcemia Vit D Deficiency Complications

A

Rickets (prior to puberty)
Osteomalacia (after puberty) - fractures and bowing of bone
Causes:
- Inadequate sunlight
- Inadequate dietary source
- Kidney disease

24
Q

Hypocalcemia Chronic Renal Failure

A

Serum Calcium = Decreased
Serum Phosphorus = Increased
PTH = Increased
Urine Calcium = Decreased
Urine Phosphorus = Decreased

25
Q

Hypocalcemia Complications

A

Decreased Serum Calcium: Tetany, bone lysis
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

26
Q

Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Serum Calcium = Increased
Serum Phosphorus = Normal to Decreased
PTH = Increased
Urine Calcium = Increased
Urine Phosphates = Increased

27
Q

Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism Complications

A

Bone lysis
Kidney stones
Cause: Adenoma of parathyroid gland

28
Q

Hypercalcemia Hypervitaminosis D

A

Serum Calcium = Increased
Serum Phosphorus = Normal to Increased
PTH = Normal to Decreased
Urine Calcium = Increased
Urine Phosphorus = Decreased

29
Q

Hypercalcemia Hypervitaminosis D Complications

A

Kidney Stones
Metastatic Calcification
Renal Failure

30
Q

Hypercalcemia Bone Malignancy

A

Serum Calcium = Increased
Serum Phosphorus = Normal, Increased, or Decreased
PTH = Normal to Decreased PTH
Urine Calcium = Increased
Urine Phosphorus = Increased

31
Q

Hypercalcemia Bone Malignancy Complications

A

Bone Fractures
Cause: Invasive tumors of multiple myeloma and breast carcinoma

32
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease

A

Paget’s Disease (Ostetitis Deformans)

33
Q

Paget’s Disease Frequency

A

3% incidence in those over 40 yrs

34
Q

Paget’s Disease General Info

A

Unknown cause
Bone Resorption = Increased
Osteoclast Activity = Increased
Bone formation = Increased
- Deposition is irregular and haphazard
Alkaline Phosphatase = Increased
Ca = Normal to Rarely Increased
Phosphorus = Normal to Rarely Increased

35
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone density with age
General Change in balance mechanism related to hormones and life risk factors

36
Q

Osteoporosis Risk Factors

A

Advanced Age
Women more effected
Perimenopause
Decreased Ca intake
Cigarette smoking
Carbonated Soda

37
Q

Hyperphosphatemia (Increased levels of Phosphate)

A

Hypoparathyroidism (low PTH levels)
Vitamind D Intoxication (increased intestinal absorption)
Renal Insufficiency
Failure to filter phosphates

38
Q

Hypophosphatemia (Decreased levels of Phosphate)

A

Primary or Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Primary - tumor keeps producing PTH
- Secondary - renal as PTH is increased but kidneys not responding
Vitamin D deficiency
Malabsorption syndrome
Renal excretion - Primary or Secondary

39
Q

Total Calcium Assay

A

Dye binding or color complex method
Calcium complexes with dye to cause color change
Arsenazo III
o-cresolphathalein complexone
- Magnesium interference eliminated by adding 8-hydroxy quinoline

40
Q

Ionized Calcium Assay

A

Measured with ion-selective electrode

41
Q

Ionized Calcium Calculation

A

((6 x Total Calcium) - (1/3 x Total Protein)) / (Total Protein +6)

42
Q

Phosphorus Assay

A

Phosphate ions complex with molybdate to form phosphomylbdate which gives a color change when reduced to phosphomolybdate

Chemistry (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions