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Reproduction > Mindmaps for medicals students - cancer > Flashcards

Mindmaps for medicals students - cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cervical cancer?

A
  • Uncontolled differentiation and proliferation of cells lining the cervix
  • It may be categorised into two different cell types:
    • Squamous cell carcinoma (80%)
    • Adenocarcinoma (20%)
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2
Q

Risk factors for cervical cancer

A
  • HPV - types 16, 18 and 33
    • most prominant
  • HIV
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • Early age of first sexual intercourse
  • Comined oral contraceptive pill
  • Increasing age
  • Low socioeconomic status
  • Smoking
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3
Q

Symptoms of cervial cancer

A
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Post-coital bleeding
  • Post-menopausal bleeding
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge
  • General symptoms of malignancy
  • Asymptomatic - picked up by the national screening programme
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4
Q

How often does screening for cervical cancer take place?

A
  • 3 yearly aged 25-49
  • 5 yearly aged 50-64
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5
Q

Investigations for cervical cancer

A
  • General blood tests: FBC, U&E, LFT, TFT
  • Colposcopy with biopsy of cervix
  • Radiology
    • MRI of pelvis
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6
Q

What staging system is used for cervical cancer?

A

FIGO (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique) system

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7
Q

How can cervical cancer be prevented?

A

HPV vaccination offered to school girls aged 12

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8
Q

Treatment for cervical cancer

A
  • Medication
    • Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be required
  • Surgical
    • Cone biopsy
    • Hysterectomy
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9
Q

Complications of cervical cancer

A
  • Psychological implications
  • General and specific complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • Lymphodema if lymph nodes removed
  • Fistula formation
  • Metastases
  • Death
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10
Q

What is vaginal cancer?

A
  • Uncontrolled differentiation and proliferation of cells lining the vagina. It may be categorised into different cell types:
    • Squamous cell carcinoma (most common)
    • Adenocarcinoma
    • Clear cell carcinoma
    • Germ cell tumours (eg teratomas)
    • Melanoma
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11
Q

Risk factors for vaginal cancer

A

VAGINA

  • Viruses (eg HPV, HIV)
  • increasing Age
  • General factors such as smoking and alcohol
  • chronic Irriation (eg from prolonged pessary use)
  • Neoplasms (eg having cervical cancer increases the risk of vaginal squamous cell carcinoma)
  • vaginal Adenosis
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12
Q

Symptoms of vaginal cancer

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Post-coital bleeding
  • Post-menopausal bleeding
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge
  • Dyspareunia
  • General symptoms of malignancy
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13
Q

Vaginal cancer investigations

A
  • General blood tests: FBC, U&E, LFT, TFT
  • Colposcopy with biopsy
  • Radiology
    • MRI pelvis
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14
Q

Treatment of vaginal cancer

A
  • Chemotherapy and radiation may be required
  • Surgical
    • Partial or radical vaginectomy
    • Radical vaginectomy plus radical hysterectomy
    • Pelvic exenteration
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15
Q

Complications of vaginal cancer

A
  • Psychological implications
    • Depression and anxiety
  • General and specific complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • Lymphoedema if lymph nodes are removed
  • Fistula formation
  • Metastases
  • Death
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16
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Uncontrolled differentiation and proliferation of the endometrium. It mat be categorised into different cell types, most of which are adenocarcinomas.

17
Q

Causes of endometrial cancer

A

It is due to unopposed action of oestrogen on the endometrium.

18
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer

A

ENDOMETRIUM

  • Early menarche
  • Nulliparity
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • polycystic Ovary syndrome
  • Menopause
  • E
  • Tamoxifen
  • HRT
  • Increased risk with other cancers (eg breast and ovarian)
  • Unopposed oestrogen (eg anovulation, HRT)
  • Menstrual irregularity
19
Q

Symptoms of endometrial cancer

A
  • A woman with post menopausal bleeding is considered to have endometrial cancer until proven otherwise
  • Premenopausal women: intermenstrual bleeding, post coital bleeding
  • General symptoms of malignancy
20
Q

Investigations for endometrial cancer

A
  • General blood tests: FBC, U&Es, LFTs, TFTs
  • Radiology: first line - transvaginal ultrasound scan (<4mm = normal)
  • this may be followed by histeroscopy with endometrial biopsy
  • MRI of pelvis - for staging and metastases
  • Stage using FIGO system of the TNM system
21
Q

Treatment for endometrial cancer

A
  • Chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be required
  • Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingecto-oophrectomy +/- lymphadenopathy
22
Q

Complications for endometrial cancer

A
  • Psychological implications
    • Depression and anxiety
  • General and specific complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • Lymphoedema if lymph nodes are removed
  • Fistula formation
  • Metastases
  • Death
23
Q

Risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

A - increasing Age

B - BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes

C - COCP is protective

D - Duration of ovulation (ie nulliparity, early menarche and late menopause)

E - Endometriosis

24
Q

Symptoms of ovarian cancer

A

(Vague)

  • Abdominal pain
  • Abdominal bloating
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Post-coital bleeding
  • Early satiety
  • Symptoms of bladder dysfunction or irritation such as frequency or urgency
  • General symptoms of malignancy (eg fatigue, cachexia, weight loss)
25
Q

Investiagations for ovarian cancer

A
  • General blood tests: FBC, U&Es, LFTs, TFTs
  • Tumour marker: CA 125 (diagnosis and follow up)
  • Radiology: transvaginal USS
  • CT or MRI of pelvis - for staging and metastasis
  • Surgery: diagnostic laparotomy with biopsy
  • Stage using FIGO system of the TNM system
  • Risk of malignancy index
26
Q

How is risk of malignancy index (RMI) calculated?

A

RMI is used to calculate risk of having a malignant ovarian tumour.

ultrasound score x menopausal score x CA 125 measurement

27
Q

Treatment for ovarian cancer

A
  • Chemotherapy usually required and radiotherapy may be required
  • Depends on the individual case and may include oophrectomy, salpingectomy, hysterectomy and omentectomy
28
Q

Complications of ovarian cancer

A
  • Psychological implications
    • Depression and anxiety
  • General and specific complications of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
  • Lymphoedema if lymph nodes are removed
  • Fistula formation
  • Metastases
  • Death

Reproduction (34 decks)

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