mind

Question 1

cogito, ergo sum

Answer 1

cogito, ergo sum, (Latin: “I think, therefore I am”), dictum coined in 1637 by René Descartes as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt. The statement is indubitable, Descartes argued, because even if an all-powerful demon were to try to deceive me into thinking that I exist when I do not, I would have to exist for the demon to deceive me. Therefore, whenever I think, I exist. Furthermore, he argued, the statement “I am” (sum) expresses an immediate intuition, not the conclusion of dubious reasoning, and is thus indubitable. Whatever I know, I know intuitively that I am.

Question 2

functionalism

Answer 2

behavourism with the caveat that mental events can be the cause of mental events. it recieves criticism that it relates humans to closely to computers

Question 3

argument from analogy

Answer 3

an argument that draws a comparison from similar ideas… in relation to the problem of other minds it says other people are similar to ourselves so it is safe to assume they have minds

Question 4

qualia

Answer 4

the quality of conscious experience

Question 5

Rabbit-Duck Illusion

Answer 5

An ambiguous figure in which the brain switches between seeing a rabbit and a duck. The duck-rabbit was “originally noted” by American psychologist Joseph Jastrow (Jastrow 1899, p. 312; 1900; see also Brugger and Brugger 1993). Jastrow used the figure, together with such figures as the Necker cube and Schröder stairs, to point out that perception is not just a product of the stimulus, but also of mental activity (Kihlstrom 2002).

Jastrow’s cartoon was based on one originally published in Harper’s Weekly (Nov. 19, 1892, p. 1114) which, in turn, was based on an earlier illustration in Fliegende Blätter, a German humor magazine (Oct. 23, 1892, p. 147).

Interestingly, children tested on Easter Sunday are more likely to see the figure as a rabbit, whereas when tested on a Sunday in October, they tend to see it as a duck (Brugger and Brugger 1993, Kihlstrom 2002). Brugger and Brugger (1993) has provided a comprehensive catalog of duck-rabbit variants, along with data on their ease of reversibility.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Rabbit-DuckIllusion.html

Question 6

Young Girl-Old Woman Illusion

Answer 6

A famous perceptual illusion in which the brain switches between seeing a young girl and an old woman (or “wife” and “mother in law”). An anonymous German postcard from 1888 (left figure) depicts the image in its earliest known form, and a rendition on an advertisement for the Anchor Buggy Company from 1890 (center figure) provides another early example (IllusionWorks). For many years, the creator of this figure was thought to be British cartoonist W. E. Hill, who published it in 1915 in Puck humor magazine, an American magazine inspired by the British magazine Punch (right figure). However, Hill almost certainly adapted the figure from an original concept that was popular throughout the world on trading and puzzle cards.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/YoungGirl-OldWomanIllusion.html