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Psychology: 1.1 Social Influence > milgrams obedience research > Flashcards

milgrams obedience research Flashcards

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1
Q

who were the participants of milgrams study

A

40 american male volunteers

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2
Q

what were participants told the aim of the study was

A

a study on how punishment affects learning

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3
Q

who were the confederates in milgrams baseline study

A

experimenter and another participant

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4
Q

how did the two participants be assigned to role of teacher and learner

A

drew lots

this was rigged though as the real participant was always assigned the role of the teacher

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5
Q

what was the real participant required to do in the baseline study

A

test the learners ability to recall pairs of words

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6
Q

what happened each time a learner got an answer wrong

A

the teacher would administer an electric shock (fake) of increasing voltage

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7
Q

what voltage was the starting shock

A

15 volts

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8
Q

what intervals did the shocks go up in

A

15

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9
Q

what voltage was the maximum shock

A

450 volts

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10
Q

to add to the realism, what happened to the learner in the procedure

A

strapped in a chair by their arms in the room next to the door and a shock was demonstrated to the teacher to make it appear real

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11
Q

what would the learner do at 300 volts

A

bang on the wall and complained about how he couldnt continue

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12
Q

what would the learner do at 315 volts

A

go silent so no further noises were heard

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13
Q

how long was the experiment set to last

A

continued until either the participant refused to continue

OR

the maximum 450 volts was reached

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14
Q

what would happen if the teacher attempted to stop the experiment

A

experimenter would respond with verbal prods such as:

you have no choice but to continue, designed to coerce the teacher to continue

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15
Q

how many participants delivered shocks up to 300volts

A

100%

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16
Q

how many participants stopped at 300 volts

A

12.5%

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17
Q

how many participants went to 450 volts

A

65%

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18
Q

what qualitative data did milgram also gather

A

observed signs of tension such as sweating and nail biting

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19
Q

what did milgram conclude

A

ordinary people are obedient to authority even when asked to behave in an inhumane manner, it is not evil who commit atrocities but ordinary obeying authority

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20
Q

which 3 factors affect obedience

A

proximity
uniform
location

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21
Q

how did milgram investigate proximity

A

both teacher and learner were seated in the same room

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22
Q

what did obedience levels fall to when teacher and learner were in the same room

A

40%

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23
Q

why did obedience levels drop when teacher and learner were in the same room

A

teacher was able to experience the learners pain more directly, if you are in far proximity you can psychologically distance yourself from the consequences

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24
Q

what did obedience levels fall to if the experimenter gave orders over the phone

A

21%

some even continually gave the weakest shock level despite saying they was increasing it

25
Q

what happened in the touch proximity variation

A

learner would force teachers hand onto the shock plate

26
Q

what was the obedience levels in the touch proximity variation

A

30%

27
Q

where did milgrams studies take place

A

yale university

28
Q

what was significant about yale university

A

the location gave them confidence in the authority as it was prestigious

29
Q

where did milgram move the study to investigate the effects of location

A

run-down office

30
Q

what was the obedience levels when the study had been moved to the office

A

47.5%

31
Q

why does location effect obedience

A

prestigious locations gives the study legitimacy of authority in the eyes of participants which the experimenter shares

32
Q

how did milgram investigate uniform

A

experimenter removed their lab coat and replaced with someone wearing normal clothes

33
Q

what did obedience levels drop to in the uniform variation

A

20%

34
Q

why does uniform effect obedience

A

uniform encourages obedience as they are widely recognised as symbols of authority

35
Q

what was the procedure of bushmans study

A

a female researcher dressed as either:
a police woman
a business woman
a beggar

stopped people in the street and told them to give change to a male researcher

36
Q

what were the obedience levels in bushmans study

A

police uniform - 72%
beggar - 52%
business - 48%

37
Q

why did participants say they obeyed the most towards the police uniform

A

had the most authority

38
Q

how conducted supporting research for milgrams study

A

hofling

39
Q

what does hoflings study suggest about milgrams

A

high ecological validity

40
Q

what type of experiment was hoflings

A

field experiment

41
Q

what did hofling find

A

21/22 nurses obeyed an unknown doctor’s telephone instruction to administer drugs over the prescribed limit to a patient

42
Q

what did hofling conclude

A

the power and authority of doctors was a greater infuence on the nurse’s behaviour than basic hospital rules

43
Q

what does hoflings study suggest about why we obey

A

strong argument supporting proximity as a valid reason for obedience, as well as having high ecological validity as real life hospital setting

44
Q

what is the opposing evidence for situational factors affecting obedience

A

milgram didnt investigate all factors, culture may be more important

45
Q

what did kilham and mann find in relation to culture and obedience

A

replicated Milgram’s shock paradigm in Australia and found that only 16% of the ppts
shocked the learner at 450v compared to Milgram’s 65% obedience rate

46
Q

what did mantell find in relation to culture and obedience

A

85% obedience rate when the study was replicated in
Germany

47
Q

what does this cross cultural comparison show

A

different societies demonstrate different levels of obedience

48
Q

what does cultural obedience research tell us about society

A

societies follow different hierarchical structures where
children are socialised from a young age to be more (or less) obedient

49
Q

what does culture suggest about the original situational factors investigated by milgram

A

while situational factors like uniform and proximity are important, culture may play a more significant role in obedient behaviour

50
Q

what is an alternative explanation for obedience

A

dispositional

51
Q

which researcher suggests dispositional factors are more important than situational

A

adorno

52
Q

what did adorno find in relation to dispositional factors

A

high levels of obedience was as a result of growing up in an authoritarian family with strict parenting generating an obedient personality

53
Q

how does adornos research link to milgrams

A

higher levels of authoritarianism in the ppts in milgrams study that obeyed until the end

significant differences between obedient and defiant participants consistent with the authoritarian personality

54
Q

what does the dispositional explanation of obedience mean for situational factors

A

suggests that it may be a more important contributor in why people obey or likely that situational variables work with dispositional variables in the real world

55
Q

how does milgrams research into situational variables have real life application

A

anti war crimes

56
Q

what do kelman and hamilton suggest

A

the My Lai massacre (in 1968) where a group of US soldiers killed the 500 inhabitants of a Vietnamese village claiming they were simply obeying the orders of a Lieutenant, can be understood in terms of the power hierarchy of the US Army, including the role of uniform

57
Q

what does the my lai massacre demonstrate

A

people will blindly follow
orders from an individual with higher perceived authority which can be demonstrated through uniform and institutional hierarchies

58
Q

what does the my lai massacre mean for obedience research

A

theory has practical value in the real world and situational factors influence behaviour

Psychology: 1.1 Social Influence (8 decks)

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