Milestones, Screening & Vaccinations Flashcards
What are the different components of child health surveillance?
- childhood screening
- assess developmental progress
- immunisations
- delivering universal health promotion activities
- childsmile
- early interventions to address needs
- medical or developmental issues identified
- earlier intervention more effective
What is involved in screening?
- checking milestones
- checking vaccinations
- delivering health promotion
- regular dental attendance for routine check ups
- targeted supervision
- interventions to risk groups
- refer concerns to paediatric team
What screening is carried out in school entry?
- personal, social and emotional development
- physical development
- communication skills
- hearing and vision assessments
What are the developmental milestones at 1 month?
- able to raise head when lying on tummy
- pays attention to faces in direct line of vision
- moves arms and legs in energetic manner
- likes to be held and rocked
What are the developmental milestones at 2 months?
- smiles and coos
- rolls onto side from back
- grunts and sighs
What are the developmental milestones at 3 months?
- vision more established, eyes follow moving object
- able to hold head erect
- grasp objects when placed in hand
- babbles
What are the developmental milestones at 4 months?
- holding for extended period of time
- laughs out loud
- sits supported for short periods
- recognises familiar faces and feeding (mum or bottle)
What are the developmental milestones at 5 months?
- reaches for and holds objects
- stands firmly when held
- stretches arms to be picked up
- likes peek-a-boo
What are the developmental milestones at 6 months?
- turns from back to stomach
- turns towards sound
- sits with some support
- reaches for objects out of reach
- listens to own voice
- crows and squeals
- grasps objects and brings them to mouth
- holds/sucks/bites and begins chewing
- can be painful as teeth are coming through
What are the developmental milestones at 7 months
- transfer object from one hand to other
- sit for a few minutes without support
- pats and smiles at image in mirror, recognition
- creeps (pulls body with arms and legs kicking)
- shy with strangers
What are the developmental milestones at 8 months
- sits steady for around 5 minutes
- crawls on hands and knees
- grasps with thumb and first two fingers (pincer grasp)
- likes to be near parent, particularly at night
What are the developmental milestones at 9 months?
- says mama and dada in context
- responds to name
- can stand for short times
- can hit two objects together
- copies sounds
What are the developmental milestones at 10 months
- pulls self up at side of crib or playpen
- drinks from cup
- has likely drunk from trainer cup earlier
What are the developmental milestones at 11 months?
- walk holding onto furniture (cruising)
- injuries to teeth increase due to falls
- find object placed under other object
What are the developmental milestones at 12 months?
- waves bye
- walks with one hand held
- two words beside each other
- enjoys some solid foods
- must be careful as can influence gut allergies
- some degree of solids as child not satisfied with milk alone
What are the developmental milestones at 15 months?
- walks by self more confidently, stops creeping
- shows desires by pointing and gesturing
- scribbles on paper after shown
- begins using spoon
- cooperates with dressing
What are the developmental milestones at 18 months?
- build a three block tower
- likes climbing and taking things apart
- say 6 words
- tries to put on shoes
- drinks from cup held in both hands
- likes to help parent
What are the developmental milestones at 2 years?
- able to run
- walks up and down stairs using alternate feet
- says about 50 words
- sometimes used two word sentences
- points to objects in a book, interacts with stories
What are the developmental milestones at 3 years
- can repeat two numbers in a row
- knows their gender
- dresses self except for buttoning
- can copy a circle
- can follow 2 commands of on, under or behind
- jumps with both feet off the ground
- can build 9 block tower
What are the developmental milestones at 4 years?
- can repeat a simple 6 word sentence
- can wash hands and face without help
- can copy a cross
- can stand on one foot
- can catch a tossed ball
What are the developmental milestones at 5 years?
- can follow three commands
- can copy a square
- can skip
Why are childhood vaccinations performed?
- to prevent certain infectious diseases where the risk of vaccination is lower than the risks from disease
- to reduce or eliminate infectious diseases from the community by reducing the number of susceptible vector
What vaccinations are available for children?
- diphtheria
- tetanus
- HIB
- typhoid
- polio
- BCG
- pertussis
- rota virus
- pneumococcus
- HPV
- measles
- mumps
- rubella
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- meningitis B & C
- varicella
- influenza
- covid-19
- all are appropriate for children
- some are given to all children
What recent changes have been implemented to UK vaccines
- polio vaccine
- was previously given orally
- now inactivated form
- polio like symptoms no longer experienced
- meningitis vaccine
- haemophilus influenza B (HIB)
- meningococcal B
- routinely given
What information does the UK routine immunisation schedule provide?
- when the immunisation is to be administered
- what the vaccine is
- what the site of injection is
What should be considered when a child is found to be non-compliant with the immunisation schedule?
- determine whether they are not being administered due to medical reasons
- if not determine why
- may raise concerns around other areas, potentially suggests neglect
When is the BCG vaccine given for high risk children?
- can be given shortly after birth
- high risk
- children looked after by grandparents who have traveled from countries where there is endemic tuberculosis
- family member with active tuberculosis
Why may childhood immunisation be refused?
- religious or philosophical grounds
- think they are stopping a painful assault on the child
- feel that benefits do not outweigh the risks
What should be done when childhood immunisation is refused?
- determine whether refusal puts the child at extreme personal risk
- neglect
- determine whether refusal puts others at risk sufficient to warrant intervention on public health grounds
