Mikrobio - Celler

Question 1

Hvad er de fylogenitiske hovedgrupper af prokaryote celler?

Answer 1

Bakterier, Archaea

Fodnote

Prokaryote celler klassificeres i to hovedgrupper: Bakterier og Archaea.

Question 2

Hvad er de fylogenetiske hovedgrupper af eukaryote celler?

Answer 2

Dyr, planter, svampe, protister (protozoer, alger)

Fodnote

Eukaryote celler omfatter en bred vifte af organismer, herunder dyr, planter, svampe og forskellige protister.

Question 3

What is the general size of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Usually < 2 µm in diameter

Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 4

What is the general size of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

2 to > 100 µm in diameter

Eukaryotic cells can range widely in size, often larger than prokaryotic cells.

Question 5

Is a nucleus present in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

Absent; has nucleoid

Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus but possess a nucleoid region that contains genetic material.

Question 6

Is a nucleus present in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Present, membrane-bound

Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus that houses the cell’s genetic material.

Question 7

What type of DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 7

Single molecule, generally covalently closed and circular

Prokaryotic DNA is typically a single, circular molecule, with additional DNA often found in plasmids.

Question 8

What type of DNA is found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 8

Linear molecules present in several chromosomes

Eukaryotic DNA is linear and organized into multiple chromosomes, associated with histones.

Question 9

Describe the RNA/protein synthesis process in prokaryotic cells.

Answer 9

Transcription and translation is coupled in the cytoplasm

In prokaryotes, the processes of transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

Describe the RNA/protein synthesis process in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 10

Transcription in the nucleus, translation in the cytoplasm

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 11

What is the method of cell division in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Binary fission

Prokaryotic cells reproduce through a simple process called binary fission.

Question 12

What are the methods of cell division in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 12

Mitosis and meiosis

Eukaryotic cells divide through more complex processes, including mitosis for asexual reproduction and meiosis for sexual reproduction.

Question 13

What is the cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 13

Very few structures

Prokaryotic cells have a relatively simple cytoplasmic structure compared to eukaryotic cells.

Question 14

What is the cytoplasmic structure of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 14

Highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells possess a complex cytoplasmic structure, including a well-defined cytoskeleton and endomembrane system.

Question 15

What type of membranes are present in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 15

Cell membrane

Prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, but lack the extensive membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes.

Question 16

What types of membranes are present in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 16

Cell membrane and several membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells contain a cell membrane and various organelles, each with specialized functions.

Question 17

What type of cell walls are found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 17

Present in most, composed of peptidoglycan

Most prokaryotic cells have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, while archaea may have different compositions.

Question 18

What type of cell walls are found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 18

Present in plants, algae, fungi; absent in animals

Eukaryotic cell walls are typically composed of polysaccharides, but are not present in animal cells.

Question 19

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 19

70S (subunits 50S and 30S)

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and consist of two subunits, 50S and 30S.

Question 20

What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 20

80S (subunits 60S and 40S)

Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and consist of two subunits, 60S and 40S.

Question 21

Are mitochondria present in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

Absent

Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria or other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 22

Are mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 22

One to several thousand

Eukaryotic cells typically contain multiple mitochondria, which are essential for energy production.

Question 23

What structures are used for movement or adhesion in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 23

Pili, fimbriae, flagella

Prokaryotic cells use structures like pili and fimbriae for adhesion, and flagella for movement.

Question 24

What structures are used for movement in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 24

Cilia or flagella

Eukaryotic cells may have cilia or flagella for locomotion, which are more complex than those found in prokaryotes.