Mikrobio - Celler Flashcards
Hvad er de fylogenitiske hovedgrupper af prokaryote celler?
Bakterier, Archaea
Fodnote
Prokaryote celler klassificeres i to hovedgrupper: Bakterier og Archaea.
Hvad er de fylogenetiske hovedgrupper af eukaryote celler?
Dyr, planter, svampe, protister (protozoer, alger)
Fodnote
Eukaryote celler omfatter en bred vifte af organismer, herunder dyr, planter, svampe og forskellige protister.
What is the general size of prokaryotic cells?
Usually < 2 µm in diameter
Prokaryotic cells are typically much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
What is the general size of eukaryotic cells?
2 to > 100 µm in diameter
Eukaryotic cells can range widely in size, often larger than prokaryotic cells.
Is a nucleus present in prokaryotic cells?
Absent; has nucleoid
Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus but possess a nucleoid region that contains genetic material.
Is a nucleus present in eukaryotic cells?
Present, membrane-bound
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus that houses the cell’s genetic material.
What type of DNA is found in prokaryotic cells?
Single molecule, generally covalently closed and circular
Prokaryotic DNA is typically a single, circular molecule, with additional DNA often found in plasmids.
What type of DNA is found in eukaryotic cells?
Linear molecules present in several chromosomes
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and organized into multiple chromosomes, associated with histones.
Describe the RNA/protein synthesis process in prokaryotic cells.
Transcription and translation is coupled in the cytoplasm
In prokaryotes, the processes of transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm.
Describe the RNA/protein synthesis process in eukaryotic cells.
Transcription in the nucleus, translation in the cytoplasm
In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
What is the method of cell division in prokaryotic cells?
Binary fission
Prokaryotic cells reproduce through a simple process called binary fission.
What are the methods of cell division in eukaryotic cells?
Mitosis and meiosis
Eukaryotic cells divide through more complex processes, including mitosis for asexual reproduction and meiosis for sexual reproduction.
What is the cytoplasmic structure of prokaryotic cells?
Very few structures
Prokaryotic cells have a relatively simple cytoplasmic structure compared to eukaryotic cells.
What is the cytoplasmic structure of eukaryotic cells?
Highly structured by endomembranes and a cytoskeleton
Eukaryotic cells possess a complex cytoplasmic structure, including a well-defined cytoskeleton and endomembrane system.
What type of membranes are present in prokaryotic cells?
Cell membrane
Prokaryotic cells have a cell membrane, but lack the extensive membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes.
What types of membranes are present in eukaryotic cells?
Cell membrane and several membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain a cell membrane and various organelles, each with specialized functions.
What type of cell walls are found in prokaryotic cells?
Present in most, composed of peptidoglycan
Most prokaryotic cells have cell walls made of peptidoglycan, while archaea may have different compositions.
What type of cell walls are found in eukaryotic cells?
Present in plants, algae, fungi; absent in animals
Eukaryotic cell walls are typically composed of polysaccharides, but are not present in animal cells.
What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?
70S (subunits 50S and 30S)
Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and consist of two subunits, 50S and 30S.
What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?
80S (subunits 60S and 40S)
Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and consist of two subunits, 60S and 40S.
Are mitochondria present in prokaryotic cells?
Absent
Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria or other membrane-bound organelles.
Are mitochondria present in eukaryotic cells?
One to several thousand
Eukaryotic cells typically contain multiple mitochondria, which are essential for energy production.
What structures are used for movement or adhesion in prokaryotic cells?
Pili, fimbriae, flagella
Prokaryotic cells use structures like pili and fimbriae for adhesion, and flagella for movement.
What structures are used for movement in eukaryotic cells?
Cilia or flagella
Eukaryotic cells may have cilia or flagella for locomotion, which are more complex than those found in prokaryotes.
