Migration, Identity and Sovereignty

Question 1

Define sovereignty

Answer 1

The ability of a place and its people to self govern without any outside interference

Question 2

The backwash effect

Answer 2

Flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions this process is responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions with the same country

Question 3

China Rural-Urban Migration

Answer 3

In 1978 20% of people lived in cities today the figure is 55%
Chinese government authorised free movement
The relocation of 400 million people gave many Chinese cities a ‘site factor’ to attract FDI due to its cheap labour prices

Question 4

Democratic Republic of Congo Rural-Urban Migration

Answer 4

Second largest nation in Africa
Three decades of civil war
The capital city Kinshasa has doubled in size every five years since 1950 due to the poverty of rural areas 72% of rural households are poor and 40% of children under five suffer from chronic malnutrition

Question 5

EU Schengen agreement - migration

Answer 5

EU Schengen 1995
Free movement of people has resulted in an international core-periphery pattern
Core regions: Northern France, Western Germany and Belgium
The UK did not sign the Schengen agreement

Question 6

Lee’s model of migration

Answer 6

The Lee model suggests that the decision to migrate is based on a balance of positive (push) and negative (pull) factors. When the balance of push and pull factors is strong enough to overcome any intervening obstacles, individuals will migrate.

Question 7

Singapore (liberal migration rules)

Answer 7

The World’s fourth largest financial centre
Was established as a trading colony of the British Empire
Class divide
Many global businesses and institutions have located their including Credit Suisse and International Baccalaureate

Question 8

Japan: Migration

Answer 8

Less than 2% of the Japanese population is foreign or foreign-born
Three workers to two retirees by 2060 (Japan is suffering from its ageing population)
Nationality law makes the acquisition of Japanese citizenship by resident foreigners an elusive goal (the long term pass-or-go-home test has a success rate of less than 11%
In 2015 there was 790,000 foreign born workers in Japan with about 40% from China

Question 9

Australia: Migration

Answer 9

Australia
Points system called the Migration Programme
In 2013 only 190,000 economic migrants were granted access to Australia

Question 10

Economic theory

Answer 10

Economic theory suggests that economic efficiency is maximised when goods (free trade), capital (deregulated financial markets) and labour (open-borders) can move freely across international borders but this poses serious challenges for national identity and sovereignty.

Question 11

Neoclassical economic theory

Answer 11

The most significant push/pull factors are wage differences

Question 12

Dual labour market theory

Answer 12

Pull factors in developed countries bring migrants to fill unwanted low-skilled labour

Question 13

New economics of labour migration

Answer 13

Migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of the individual e.g an increase in quality of life of an individual also increases in their family’s quality of life in the form of remittances

Question 14

Relative deprivation theory

Answer 14

Awareness of income differences between neighbours is an important factor in migration. Sucessful migrants increase quality of life, better schooling and homes encouraging others to move and follow their sucess.

Question 15

Meditteranean migration

Answer 15

Migrants from North Africa and the Middle east cross the Meditteranean to enter Europe
Deaths at sea: 700 people died when a boat capsized in rough seas off the Italian coast near Lampedusa (April 2014)
Ethical debate
In 2015 number of accepted asylum seekers in 2015 amounted to less than 0.1% of the EU’s population
Xenophobic attitudes have increased due to terrorist attacks
In 2015 a facebook group called ‘Stations of the forced wanderers’ helped over 100,000 migrants to avoid authorities using GPS

Question 16

Displaced person migration from Africa and the Middle East

Answer 16

Syria Civil War 2011 more than 4 million Syrian refugees are hosted by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey
In 2015 there were about 435,000 internally displaced people and UNHCR provided humanitarian assistance to nearly 60,000 refugees

Question 17

Core-periphery model in the UK

Answer 17

More than a third of graduates from all UK universities migrate to London in their 20s. This internal migration enables London employers to recruit from a deep pool of skills and maintain the capital city’s economic dynamism.
- Therefore, the core-periphery model of development is evident within developed countries like the UK.
London’s house prices have tripled in value since 1995
London’s global hub status means that the UK’s core-periphery imbalance is likely to persist

Question 18

Polish migrants

Answer 18

Poland’s government has encouraged its population to work overseas
Poland has lost population every year since the 1960s with the trend accelerating in 2004
Low birth rate and ageing population
While remittances help compensate for the labour loss and brain drain in the short term there is no guarantee remittances will be sent in the long term

Question 19

Migration across the Mexico-US border

Answer 19

Difference in political opinion Obama called for the permits of an estimated unauthorised 8 million workers
Migrants are a fundamental component of America’s economy
Xenophobic attitudes after 2001 terrorist attacks in 2016 Trump suggested the banning of Muslims entering the US
Youthful migration helps counteract ageing population
Trump began to build a wall across the border this is an extreme act to protect sovereignty

Question 20

UK points system

Answer 20

UK regulates migration from countries outside the EU with a points based system
Tier 1 - Relates to entrepreneurs, investors and highly skilled workers this category promotes migration to the UK of wealthy entrepreneurs and highly skilled persons
Tier 2 - Job offer with a UK based employer migration under this tier is currently limited 21,700 people per annum
Tier 3 - Was designed for low-skilled workers filling specific temporary labour shortages, but it is currently suspended because of the numbers of eastern Europeans able to do these jobs
Tier 4 - relates to foreign students studying at a UK-based higher education institution migration is limited to the course of the study
Tier 5 - relates to temporary workers and youth mobility schemes such as gap-year students

Question 21

Libya

Answer 21

Since the defeat of the Gaddafi regime in 2011, Libya has been divided by rival armed militias affiliated to regions, cities and tribes while the central government has been unable to exercise authority over the country
Frontex estimated that in 2015 half a million migrants and asylum seekers attempted to travel from Libya to the EU the Libyan Dinar has lost value by 600% in the last three years
2015 ISIS held a lot of power but was defeated with the help of the US
Two rival governments Government of National Unity and Government of National Accord

Question 22

Iceland

Answer 22

Homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 92%, population of foreign origin 8%
This country’s language has remained unchanged since 870s AD.
All children’s names must come from an approved list, to preserve the language of this country’s sagas. The sagas include fantastic stories as well as accounts of significant historical events.
Iceland is geographically isolated

Question 23

Singapore

Answer 23

Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
After independence, this country became a fast-growing economy and today has a per capita income GDP (PPP) of US$82,000, the world’s third highest.
‘Singlish’ is a variant of English that is spoken throughout this country and is a result of the intermingling of cultures.
48% of this country’s population are foreign born.

Question 24

China and Taiwan

Answer 24

China sees Taiwan as a breakaway province
Chinese records appear to first mention the island in AD239, when an emperor dispatched an expeditionary force to it - a fact Beijing uses to back its territorial claim.
Taiwan has been independently governed over China since 1949 and became a democracy in 1987

Question 25

Kashmir

Answer 25

Kashmir is an ethnically diverse Himalayan region
Under the partition plan provided by the Indian Independence Act (Set up by Britain), Kashmir was free to accede to either India or Pakistan.
In July 1949, India and Pakistan signed an agreement to establish a ceasefire line as recommended by the UN and the region became divided.
A second war followed in 1965. Then in 1999, India fought a brief but bitter conflict with Pakistani-backed forces.
By that time, India and Pakistan had both declared themselves to be nuclear powers.
Today, Delhi and Islamabad both claim Kashmir in full, but control only parts of it - territories recognised internationally as “Indian-administered Kashmir” and “Pakistan-administered Kashmir”.
Religion is one factor: Jammu and Kashmir is more than 60% Muslim, making it the only state within India where Muslims are in the majority.

Question 26

19th century nationalism

Answer 26

In the 19th century, some European countries built global empires and competing nationalism was an important factor in this process. This expansionist nationalism was demonstrated in an extreme form by Nazi Germany when it expanded into parts of Eastern Europe, believing that the German people needed more ‘living space’ at the expense of the Slavic people. Post WW2 new countries were formed from former empires e.g Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian e.g Hungary and Bulgaria

Question 27

Britain’s colonisation of India

Answer 27

British military personnel, civil servants and entrepreneurs emigrated to India to run the Raj (the system put in place to rule India by the British)
Educated Indians (speaking English and wearing western clothes) occupied many lower administrative positions. This created a sense that the more educated, important and wealthy wore western clothes and spoke English.
India was modernized, especially through the construction of 61,000km of railways by 1920; these allowed for both the efficient transport of troops to any part of India to put down a rebellion, as well as the efficient transport of goods to ports for export to Britain. This network has sped the recent industrialization of India allowing for the fast and efficient movement of people and goods.

Question 28

Rwanda

Answer 28

Germans gave the lighter skinned Tutsis more political influence when they took over in 1884.
Belgians continued to favour Tutsis when they took over after the FWW. They issued identity cards, which institutionalised the differences.
Tutsis started to campaign for independence, so Belgians began to favour the Hutus.
Rwanda gained independence in 1962. Following a coup in 1973, the new Hutu leader created a one-party political system. There was widespread political mismanagement. Hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fled the country.
A group of Tutsi refugees created the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) which invaded the country to overthrow the Hutu led government in 1990. Civil war began.
The French provided weapons to the Hutu leader and ‘looked away’ from the systematic killings of the Tutsi peoples.
Other international governments and organisations protested against the Tutsi killings, but did not effectively challenge them.
Peace talks between the Hutus and Tutsis began in 1992 but in 1994, when the President’s plane was shot down, the genocide began. It lasted approximately 100 days.
Several international governments including the Belgians, French and US knew that a genocide was taking place and communicated about it but did not use the word, because they would have had to intervene – and they did not want to estimated around 800,000 were killed

Question 29

Post-colonial conflict in Sudan and South Sudan

Answer 29

Became independent in 1955
By 2015 almost 2 million lives lost
Darfur is home to many different Black African and Arab groups following independence members of the ethnic Arab trives came to dominate the national government based in Khartoum as a result the Black African groups in Darfur began to feel marginalised some formed the Sudan Liberation Army began attacks on government shortly after Arab milita groups known as Janjaweed began to attack Black villages in Darfur

Question 30

Post-colonial migration

Answer 30

British Nationality Act 1948
Windrush brought 490 men over
The Indian government introduced the Overseas Citizen of India card, which is a scheme that encourages people of Indian Origin to re-establish ties with India by offering them visa free travel and the right to live and work in India for life.
The scheme, which began in 2005, is open to the grandchildren and children of people born in India as well as former Indian nationals. Since its inception, it has been taken up by more than a million people and is just one sign of a growing reverse trend, where the children of those who left their country decades ago, are moving to India.
1.8 million people of an Indian ethnicity live in the UK the largest ethnic minority group

Question 31

Monaco: a tax haven

Answer 31

Monaco is considered a tax haven because since 1869 it has not exerted a personal income tax
Many see this as tax evasion for celebrities and millionaires
32% of Monaco’s population are millionaires
Monaco is home to 12,261 millionaires in less than one square mile
Monaco’s GDP per capita is around $165,000 the second highest in the world

Question 32

Venezuela alternative development

Answer 32

Adoption of socialist ideologies rather than capitalist free trade agenda
Venezuela has larger fossil fuel reserves than any other OPEC countries
Venezuela was able to assign a larger part of government spending to education, health and employment these socialist policies led to Chavez’s victory in many elections
Venezuela rejected the IMF and World Bank offers
Venezuela’s oil used to be controlled by TNCs like Chevron and BP but Chavez took control of these operations
Chavez called for more social organisations and institutions to work together “to build alternative models of development in the face of globalisation”
Mr Chávez said: “We don’t need to be going up to Washington … We are going to get out. I want to formalise our exit from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.”

Question 33

UN challenges

Answer 33

Trump 2017 - “The United States, just one of 193 countries in the U.N pays for 22 percent of the budget and almost 30 percent of the United Nations peacekeeping, which is unfair”

The UN security council has five permanent members - China, France, Russia, UK and the USA the five permanent members have veto power
A thumping 153 member states out of the 193 total membership backed the resolution (ceasefire) , with only 10 including the US, Israel and Austria voting against, and 23 – including the UK and Germany – abstaining.
The US had veto power despite the overwhelming majority

Question 34

Jamaica

Answer 34

In August 1991 the United States government announced that it was to ‘forgive’ US$217 million of debt owed to it by the government of Jamaica.
Debt servicing (the repayment of interest and principal to lender institutions) eats up 40 per cent of the foreign exchange earned by Jamaican exports.
The IMF recommended removing food subsidies so the Jamaican government abolished subsidies on basic imported foods in May 1991
Foodstuffs such as flour, rice, fish, and tinned milk are often imported and paid for with US dollars
Jamaica has now repaid more money (US$19.8 billion) than it has borrowed from the US ($18.5 billion)

Question 35

Tanzania

Answer 35

▫️Government run water services in Tanzania had fallen into disrepair in the 1990s but still managed to deliver safe water to some of the poorest households in capital city Dar Es Salaam’s slums.
▫️Before the water system, many girls didn’t go to school but rather spent their days carrying water.
▫️Tanzania approached the World Bank for help.
▫️World Bank insisted that Tanzania privatise the water systems in return for a us$143 million loan.
▫️Consequently, Dar Es Salaams water services were sold off to a British-led consortium called City Water.
▫️Water bills were issues to households with access to drinking water.
▫️When households could not pay, the water was disconnected.
▫️The poorest and most vulnerable resulted back to unsafe water sources and girls began missing school, again.
▫️In 2005, the government successfully cancelled the city water contract.
▫️Today the water services are run locally, with support from external payers including the African Development Bank.
▫️In 2012, the Indian government provided a loan for water projects in the area.
▫️This helped to shift Tanzania to a better place

Question 36

COP 28

Answer 36

Held in Dubai which was immediately controversial
116 nations intend to triple their spending on renewables
Saudi Arabia’s Aramco said they would attempt to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net zero on when oil is refined into petrol and diesel which could reduce the amount of carbon released by petrol by 15%
However, none of these agreements are legal binding and promises that haven’t been kept are frequent at UN climate agreements

Question 37

The English Countryside: national identity is an elusive concept

Answer 37

Is a representation of being quintessential British
The rural paintings of Constable and Turner portray beautiful, idyllic places the paintings were used by the government in WW2 to foster patriotic feelings

Question 38

London is a melting pot of culture

Answer 38

London is a melting pot of differing cultures and identities
In 2016 Sadiq-Khan was elected as London Mayor the first mayor who is from an ethnic minority group
36.8% are white in London
People feel that identification is difficult especially in sport for example Mo Farah was born in Somalia but brought up in London and

Question 39

How many of the top 10 brands are US owned?

Answer 39

6

Question 40

Tata steel an Indian owned company operating in the UK

Answer 40

Heavy industry is associated with Port Talbort’s ‘heritage’. Tata Steel currently employs 8,000 people, with about 4,000 based at the UK’s largest steelworks in Port Talbot, which has two coal powered blast furnaces. The BBC has been told the first job losses are likely to begin in April, with more in September. The Indian-owned firm will instead spend £1.25bn - including a £500m UK government subsidy - on its move to a method of steelmaking that will cut carbon emissions and stem financial losses on its UK operations of £1m a day.

Question 41

St George’s Wharf Tower

Answer 41

130 foreign buyers in Britain’s tallest residential skyscraper.
Almost two-thirds of homes in the Tower, a 50-storey apartment complex in London, are in foreign ownership, with a quarter held through secretive offshore companies based in tax havens, a Guardian investigation has revealed.
The first residents of the landmark development arrived in October 2013, but many of the homes are barely occupied, with some residents saying they only use them for a fraction of the year.
A quarter of the flats are held by companies in secretive offshore tax havens and several owners said their neighbours spent little time in their homes, which sold for £2.2m on average.

Question 42

Catalonia

Answer 42

Catalonia is Spain’s wealthiest region with a population of 7.5 million producing 20% of Spain’s wealth
As a separate nation it would be the world’s 34th largest economy
Many ‘Catalans’ believe they should be independent

Question 43

National disunity: Scotland and the UK

Answer 43

A referendum was carried out in 2014 with 55% voting to remain in the UK
The Scottish National Party are still calling for another referendum
Some Scots don’t approve of London being the centre of the government

Question 44

Brazil national disunity of developing countries

Answer 44

Brazil hosting of the football world cup and Olympics exposed divisions
US$11.6 billion was spent in preparation for the world cub
The percentage of households enjoying food security fell from 65.1 in 2004 to 41.3 percent in 2021.
Brazil had 62.5 million people in poverty (daily income below $5.5) and 17.9 million in extreme poverty (daily income below $1.90, as defined by the World Bank).

Question 45

China national disunity of developing countries

Answer 45

China’s hukou system (Migrants can’t receive services in their new area of living because they are registered as living in a different address) meant that many rural migrants living in urban areas feel deprived of the full benefits
300 million people living in rural parts of China have found it difficult to gain permanent settlement rights in cities

Question 46

Somalia, a failed state

Answer 46

Somalia has been considered a failed state since 1991 when it collapsed in anarchy due to the overthrow of the military regime of President Siad Barre
1990 civil war there were many different clans
1978 lost the war with Ethopia as it tried to gain territory
An internationally backed government was formed in 2000 and 2012 but struggled to establish control two relatively peaceful northern regions of Somaliland Puntland became self-governing
The new authorities face challenges from Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabab insurgents

Question 47

What is a nation?

Answer 47

A nation is a group of people with a common language, history, culture, and (usually) geographic territory

Question 48

What is a state?

Answer 48

A state is an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence).

Question 49

‘Wind of Change’

Answer 49

Speech was made by British Prime Minister Macmillan to the parliament of South Africa in 1960 he said “whether we like it or not this growth of national consciousness is a political fact”

Question 50

UN Economic Sanctions

Answer 50

Trade embargo since 2012 UN has used sanctions have targeted Iran for violating treaties under which it promised not to pursue nuclear weapons. 1967, it promised to never become a nuclear-armed state. The United States designated Iran a state sponsor of terrorism. At the time Iran was the fourth largest oil-exporting country amount of crude oil exported per day almost halved from 2012 to 2014.

Question 51

UNCLOS - Oceans and Ocean health (Model Answer on Google Classroom)

Answer 51

UNCLOS tries to prevent commercial whaling from occurring. The number of whales hunted has decreased globally however, countries such as Japan still choose to ignore these rules meaning the success is very limited. UNCLOS also regulates the various shipping routes that large container ships take in order to reduce the impact on the oceans as well as the severe amount of pollution that comes along with this method of transport. This has been to some extent, successful however oil spills and other damaging events to these ships still has a detrimental effects to ocean biodiversity and health.

Question 52

Helsinki Water Convention

Answer 52

The Convention is a unique legally binding instrument promoting the sustainable management of shared water resources, the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, the prevention of conflicts, and the promotion of peace and regional integration. In 2003, the convention was amended to allow non-European countries to join.

Question 53

Helsinki water convention successes

Answer 53

2007 The new Franco-Swiss Genevese aquifer agreement is signed. The Genevese Aquifer extends over 19 kilometers underneath the southern extremity of Lake Geneva and the Rhône River across the border between France and Switzerland. Each user is entitled to a 20% extraction margin with respect to its reserved water volume. Extractions in excess of the 20% margin are to be reported to Geneva, permitting Geneva to take certain measures as needed.

Question 54

Antarctic Treaty

Answer 54

Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica. No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica.

Question 55

Which 12 countries signed the Antarctic agreement?

Answer 55

Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States and USSR

Question 56

Many UK-based companies are foreign-owned
Jaguar Land Rover, making ‘Made in Britain’ an
increasingly complex idea.

Answer 56

Jaguar Land Rover is owned by India TNC Tata Motors since 2008. In 2014 it confirmed a new manufacturing facility in Rio de Janeiro. Jaguar Land Rover is the UK’s largest automotive manufacturer.

Question 57

What percentage of the world lives outside of their country of birth?

Answer 57

Around 3-4%

Question 58

Vietnam post-colonial conflict

Answer 58

Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos became known as French Indochina (1850). Vietnam was split into two Vietnamese nationalists who were supported by communist China were in the North and the south Independent non-communist rule supported by US troops. A war began where the North fought to control the whole country and won in 1975 and an independent, united Vietnam emerged. Estimated 1-4 million were killed.

Question 59

Criticism of tax havens by IGOs and NGOs

Answer 59

• Ireland has been criticised by the EU and USA for its friendly treatment of TNCs like Apple and Google with corporate tax rates being 12.5% the world’s lowest.
• Head of Tax Justice Advocacy for Oxfam France said “The French national banks have 16 branches in the Cayman Islands. In 2014 they declared profits of 45 million euros without having a single employer there”
• Head of Inequality Policy at Oxfam said “The UK controls about a third of the world’s tax havens…TNCs should publish where they pay their taxes on a country-by-country basis”

Question 60

Bolivia (alternative methods of development)

Answer 60

President Evo Morales was elected in 2006 and rejected neo-liberalism. Nationalised resources like oil with profits going to the government. Redistributed wealth to the ‘campesino’ known as the peasant classes by guaranteeing prices for food products. Bolivians benefited by increased gas connections by 835% and electricity by 300% and Morales was re-elected in 2014 with 60% majority.

Question 61

What is trade embargo?

Answer 61

A trade embargo is a government-imposed restriction on the trading of certain products, goods or services.

Question 62

CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Answer 62

IGO ensures that international trade in wild animal and plant species does not effect their survival. It protects over 35,000 flora and fauna.

Question 63

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA)

Answer 63

Began in 2001 used to assess the consequences of ecosystem change and actions on how to use ecosystems sustainably. Species loss at 30,000 a year is faster than ever.

Question 64

Tensions in BRIC countries resulting from the uneven pattern of the costs and benefits of globalisation

Answer 64

‘Exclusion games’ protest in Rio 2016 due to the resentment civilians felt that it was hosting the Olympic games despite being in a major recession, political strife and public health crisis being the Zika virus.

Question 65

What are the BRIC countries?

Answer 65

Brazil
Russia
India
China

Question 66

What are the MINT countries?

Answer 66

Mexico
Indonesia
Nigeria
Turkey