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Human Geography > Diverse places > Flashcards

Diverse places Flashcards

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1
Q

Population dynamics: 1960s

A

Annual population growth of 0.61% as the ‘baby boom’ due to world peace as a result of the end of the world wars. Immigration from Caribbean increased.

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2
Q

Population dynamics: 1970s and 1980s

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Growth rate slowed to 0.14% the economy weakened and a recession fertility rates decreased as more females entered employment.

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3
Q

Population dynamics: 1990s

A

A period of social and economic adjustment and growth rate increased due to ‘baby boomers’ giving birth

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4
Q

Population dynamics: 2000s

A

Annual growth rate 0.64% waves of international migrants from the EU like Poland the birth rate increased due to young migrants.

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5
Q

The rural-urban continuum

A

The unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places (town and city centres)

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6
Q

Scotland, Highlands (Varying population structures)

A
  • 230,000 population
  • The main industries: agriculture, fishing and accommodation/food services linked to tourism
  • 15% of population SELF-EMPLOYED
  • Population predicted to grow by 15% between 2010 and 2035 due to migration
  • Retired people predicted to increase by 79% between 2010 and 2035
  • Ethnicity remains homogeneous despite peaks of immigration in early 90s
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7
Q

Inner London (Varying population structures)

A
  • Dominated by 21-40yrs
  • Newham is easily accessible
  • New housing due to London Docklands regeneration
  • Newham’s population FASTEST GROWING IN THE UK
  • 2021 56% of residents identify as British
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8
Q

Outer London (Varying population structures)

A
  • Kingston-Upon- Thames
  • One of London’s wealthiest boroughs
  • 12 trains per hour for 30 minute journey into CENTRAL LONDON
  • Overseas migrants only 20%
  • Mostly young couples moving out to suburbs to start a family
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9
Q

North Yorkshire (Varying population structures)

A
  • Contains remote upland areas: the Pennines but also contains small towns and cities like Harrogate and York
  • These are increasing due to internal migration seeking “country living”
  • International migration is low less than 5% born outside the UK
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10
Q

North-south divide

A
  • Over a 50 year study period mortality rates in the North were always at least 15% higher = 38,000 deaths excess in the north annually
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11
Q

Tooting

A
  • 4.2 persons per hectare - high population density
  • Wandsworth 17.9% population increase between 2001 and 2011 is the 4th largest population increase over the decade
  • 2021 67.8% people are white in Wandsworth
  • 2nd most common language is Urdu
  • Highest migration rates of any borough
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12
Q

Swanage

A
  • Ageing population over 65s 16.4% despite the UK average age 39.3
  • 97.9% white in 2011
  • Population decline of 5.2% between 2001 and 2011
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13
Q

Tooting - cultural influences and media representation

A
  • Only 30 mins from Heathrow
  • Strong ethnic identity: South Indian restaurants, Indian grocery shops and Halal butchers

Formal media: Multicultural, Family friendly
Informal media: Unsafe, dirty, expensive and conflict

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14
Q

Swanage - cultural influences and media representation

A
  • A quintessential English seaside town on the Jurassic coast
  • UNESCO world heritage site
  • Swanage Steam Railway 140,000 visits per year

Formal media: Beautiful, peaceful and family friendly
Informal media: Increasingly unsafe, dirty and too expensive

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15
Q

Victorian London

A
  • Population rose from 1 to 6 million
  • Children as young as five worked as Chimney Sweepers
  • Frequent outbreaks of disease: Cholera , Small Pox, Typhoid and influenza epidemics that were frequent
  • Increase in crime
  • Life expectancy 37 years
  • Construction of proper sewage systems to divert sewage outside the city
  • Founding of the Metropolitan Police in 1829
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16
Q

Newham: Deprivation

A
  • 2013 survey:
  • 87% of people from different backgrounds
  • 87% felt safe during the day
    Poverty concerns and crime
  • 41% live in relative poverty
  • 69% living in social housing
    45% felt it was not safe to go out at night despite a decrease in crime
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17
Q

What are the different types of rural?

A

Commuter belt
Accessible rural
Remote rural

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18
Q

Holbrook - Suffolk -> a commuter town

A
  • 13km from Ipswich and 133km from London
  • Easy access into intercity railway at Ipswich
    2002 survey carried out by Holbrook Action project:
  • Most people work 16km from village
  • Issues getting to Ipswich hospital (30 to 40 mins)
  • 57% the Parish council were aware of local concerns
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19
Q

Caithness and Sutherland -> a remote rural area

A
  • (2011) census only 16% of population between 15 and 29 years old
  • Communications are poor despite train service on East Coast and airport at Wick
  • Jobs mostly linked in decomissioning of Dounreay nuclear plant
  • 51% “committed stayers” and 22% “commited leavers”
  • Additional 10,000 homes built and access to next generation broadband to promote the younger population to stay and growth of start-up businesses
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20
Q

Types of UK migration: Post-colonial migration

A

The British government promoted large-scale immigration from former British colonies from the 1940s to the 1960s. They gave these migrants the right to settle in the UK and fill a particular job vacancy (such as the newly found NHS). Once established in the UK a migrants could apply for a family members from their home country to join them

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21
Q

Types of UK migration: Post accession migration

A

After 1992, the ‘Maastricht Agreement’ allowed free movement of workers between EU member states. The expansion of the EU in 2004 led to increased migration to the UK. Polish migrants now represent the UK’s largest-ever inward migration - over 600,000 poles have arrived in the UK since 2004.

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22
Q

Indian and polish migrants

A
  • India is the most common non-UK country of birth in 2014 and still is within the 2021 census.An estimated usual residents of the UK were born in India (9.6% of the total non-UK born population resident in the UK)
  • Polish is the most common non-British nationality in 2014. (16.0% of the total number of non-British nationals resident in the UK)
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23
Q

Boston, Lincolnshire “The UK’s most pro-brexit town”

A
  • Unemployment in the town (4.4%) well below average (5.2%)
  • Vegetable and fruit grown in Boston are processes wrapped & bar-coded in Boston, Food elsewhere in Europe is brought to Boston
  • A centre is currently helping 57 homeless people - 80% whom are migrants
  • 10 single workers may pay £60 each per week to share a 3 bed house gross rental income for the landlord is £30,000 a year!
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24
Q

Ethnic segregation

A

Is the enforced or voluntary residential or spatial separation of two or more groups on the basis of cultural identity. Usually understood at the local scale among neighbourhoods within a city, ethnic segregation also occurs at other geographic scales

25
Q

What are internal factors of segregation?

A

When migrants opt to live in segregated areas e.g family and friends live there

26
Q

What are external factors of segregation?

A

When the British white majority coerces ethnic minority into segregation e.g segregation in the job market

27
Q

Russian Oligarchs in London - Elite ethnic segregation

A

In 2014 there were estimated up to 150,000 Russians living in London
Due to economic crisis in Russian (the depreciation of the Rouble, economic decline) ad new tax rules, many Russian Oligarchs and members of the middle class have invested property abroad especially in London
A tax rate of 13% and extremely low utility costs mean this growing middle cass have plenty of cash. They do not trust russian banks so a lot of business is done in cash
In 2014 there was a 70% increase in applications for investor visas they cost £1 million the cost has since doubled to £2 million

28
Q

Bangladesis in London - Low income segregation

A

The British Bangladeshi population is concentrated in some of the poorest parts of the UK
Around 33% of the population of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets (ranked 247 worst out of 326 for deprivation in England) is Bangladeshi
In 2015 about 50% of British Bangladeshis were born in Bangladesh and about 50% of British Bangladeshis speak Bengali as their first language
Over 65% of Bangladeshis live in low-income households
The unemployment rate for British Bangladeshis aged 16-24 was 46% in 2014 compared to 19% for white British young people

29
Q

Southall

A

Southall is in the borough of Ealing in West London
Following the British Nationality Act of 1948, Asian immigrants began to settle in Southall. Its proximity to Heathrow and the availability of work in local factories were both influential factors, but the subsequent escalation has been a snowball phenomenon that could have happened almost anywhere.
Punjabis are the main ethnic sub-​​group and the principal religion is Sikhism,
Opened in 2003, the Gurudwara Sri Guru is one of the largest Sikh temples outside India.

30
Q

Southall statistics

A

The average age is 34
35.5% of people living in Southall Broadway were born in England; 31.0% India
44.9% of people living in Southall Broadway speak English. The other top languages spoken are 22.0% Panjabi
The religious make up of Southall Broadway is 31.0% Sikh

31
Q

London’s Greek Cypriot Community

A

The majority of London’s original Greek Cypriot community arrived in the 1960s and 1970s
Including Greeks from the mainland, there are now about 180,000 Greek speakers in London, and Greek is the twelfth most commonly spoken language in the capital
There are several Greek Orthodox Churches in London
There is a Greek newspaper, the Parikiaki, which serves the Greek Cypriot community, and also a London Greek radio station

32
Q

London’s Docklands Regeneration

A

In the 1970s development of container ships led to the derelection of the London Docklands.
- Between 1978 and 1983 12,000 jobs lost
- In 1981 61% of all adult men were unemployed
- 21km^2 of riverside property was left derelict

33
Q

London’s Docklands Regeneration and economic growth

A
  • Regeneration underneath by London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)
  • Market-led regeneration - leaving private sector to help
  • Top-down project
  • Focused on economic growth profitable new housing and prestige infrastructure like London city airport and Canary Wharf
  • In 2015 Canary Wharf’s annual output was over £6 billion
  • 100,000 commuters travel there every day and average salary in 2012 was £100,000
34
Q

Luton - deindustrialisation and diversity

A
  • Vauxhaull motors opened in 1905
  • Luton airport opened in 1938
  • Vauxhall motors closes in 2002
  • Increase in ethnic diversity only 55% White population
  • Bury Park there is over 20 mosques
  • Two years a go a leaked British intelligence report identified Luton as being home to one of the main concentration of extermists in the country
35
Q

Luton - Brexit

A
  • Luton voted to leave the EU by a majority of 56%
  • After 2002 Vauxhall plant was shut - several of Luton’s districts are now ranked among the poorest 10% in the country
36
Q

-

A

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37
Q

Glasgow

A
  • Most deprived city in Scotland
  • Most ethnically diverse population in Scotland
  • Largest ethnic minority is Pakistani
  • Unemployment is higher for ethnic groups e.g African is 32% and White groups are 11%
38
Q

Glasgow - deprivation and regeneration

A
  • In the 1960s and 1970s tens of thousands of Glaswegians were moved from slums into new schemes and high-rise flat developments. By the turn of the 21st century, many of these high-rise flats were the solution that had become the problem. Overridden with poverty and crime, a quarter of them have been steadily demolished since 2006.
  • Glasgow underwent extensive regeneration; however, most of this regeneration was concentrated in the city centre and most of Glasgow’s poorest areas were once again neglected
39
Q

What factors are included in the index of multiple deprivation?

A
  1. Income
  2. Employment
  3. Health and disability
  4. Education, skills and training
  5. Barriers to housing services
  6. Crime
  7. Living environment
40
Q

Newham - regeneration

A
  • Hosted 2012 Olympic Games and contains the Westfield Shopping Centre, generating 10,000 jobs. Contains most of new Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. In 2010 was 2nd most deprived borough in the country now 25th.
41
Q

Tower Hamlets - regeneration

A
  • Remains one of London’s poorest boroughs despite where Canary Wharf is located: as most people working their commute and redevelopment has created few local jobs
42
Q

How can social progress be measured?

A

Social progress can be measured by reductions to inequalities both between areas and within them as well as improvements in social measures of deprivation and demographic changes (life expectancy).

43
Q

Slough: key facts

A
  • Population 158,000
  • 55% country of birth is England
  • In 2021 46.7% Asian and 36% White
  • Trading estate - 86,000 jobs, more than 400 businesses based in Slough e.g O2 and Ferrari
44
Q

Slough: extra information

A
  • In 2021 33% of the population is economically active
  • The average salary is around £49,000 (National average: £38,131)
45
Q

Slough: key players in regenerating Slough - SLOUGH BOROUGH COUNCIL

A

Aim - improving housing, employment and the environment for local people
- It has identified 39 brownfield sites
- Three housing developments near the town centre to provide 200 houses and flats

46
Q

Slough: key players in regenerating Slough - COMMUNITY GROUPS

A
  • In the early 1990s an organisation called Aik Saath (together as one) began to tackle tensions between gangs of young muslims, hindus and sikhs
47
Q

Slough: key players in regenerating Slough - STAKEHOLDERS IN COMMUNITY

A
  • Town’s proximity to Heathrow has led to many TNCS to establish offices e.g O2 and Blackberry
  • The greatest need is for affordable housing the local council has 7,000 properties and a waiting list for 7,000
48
Q

Oxford - housing crisis

A
  • It is a national economic asset
  • Most important concentrations of high-value businesses in Europe
  • Oxford needs between 24,000 and 32,000 homes between now and 2031 to meet the city’s new demand
  • The average home in Oxford costs over 11x the local wage (£340,000)
49
Q

Oxford - housing stratergies

A
  1. Golf club and Oxford Stadium
  2. Building up
  3. Homeshare
  4. ‘Smart’ homes
50
Q

Challenges in Rural Cornwall

A
  • Economy is dominated by seasonal low paid jobs in the tourist sector
  • In 2011 Cornwall had England’s lowest full-time average annual earning of £25,000
  • Emigration of younger population
51
Q

Investment in Cornwall: The Eden Project

A
  • Opened in 2001
  • Exhibits major plant types, an education centre about sustainable living, a youth hostel
  • Cost £140 million 3/4 came from the EU objective one funding programme and national lottery
  • In its first 10 years - £1.1 billion generated 7x its cost
  • Increased TOURISM ALL YEAR ROUND
  • Attracted 13 million visitors
  • Direction employment 650 and 3000 related jobs
52
Q

Investment in Cornwall: Superfast broadband

A
  • By 2016 over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre boradband
  • Cornwall now has the world’s largest rural fibre network
  • Cost £132 million
  • Encourages businesses
  • One evaluation showed that 2000 jobs have been created with an annual economic impact of £200 million
53
Q

What is South Korea’s birth rate?

A

0.6 and in 50 years half the population will be over 65 and the working population will half

54
Q

Lake District

A
  • Named a UNESCO world heritage site 2017
  • Partnerships management plan (2020-2025)
  • 2,223km of public footpaths
  • Attempt to increase the number of permanent residents by increasing employment opportunities
  • Ensure that maintenance and development of transport infrastructure allows for the delivery of enhanced transport services to and within the Lake District whilst delivering the net zero ambitions for Cumbria.
55
Q

Measuring success: The Lake District

A

Access the broadband as close to 100 percent as possible.
A 70% increase in renewable energy production by 2025 within the Lake District

56
Q

The Milkhope Centre

A

The Milkhope Centre in Northumberland (with a farm shop, coffee shop, butchers, gallery, stone gallery) is located about 8 km north of Newcastle in an accessible rural area, old farm buildings have been repurposed to diversify into a range of retail units, some selling specialised products such as outdoor clothing and organically produced meat and vegetables.

57
Q

Oxford housing crisis

A

‘Shared ownership’ - Some people can own a proportion of the house and then rent the rest. Local communities want to save Iffley’s last 45 acres of ancient meadow.
8 Greenfield sites have been identified for new housing. Oxford Council are planning to build 1000 more council houses. They need to move out to the greenbelt but this is highly controversial.

58
Q

Brexit impacts on the UK

A
  • Price of food imported from the EU - the likes of tomatoes, or potatoes - rose, maybe by as much as 6% over 2020 and 2021.
  • One study suggests suggests that there are 330,000 fewer workers in the UK as a result of Brexit. That may only be 1% of the total workforce - but sectors such as transport, hospitality and retail have been particularly hard hit.

Human Geography (5 decks)

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