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Human Geography > Migration, identity and sovereignty > Flashcards

Migration, identity and sovereignty Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe a case study for rural to urban migration.

A

China rapid industrialisation (FDI allowed). 200 million rural migrants currently working in China’s cities, 20 mil arriving each year. Usually low skilled, working in construction. Economic migrants. 1980: 80% of people in rural areas, 2022: 35%.

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2
Q

Describe the Schengen Agreement.

A

Signed by 26 countries (22 EU members) in 1995. Ended international border checks between these countries. UK did not sign.

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3
Q

What is a benefit of the Schengen Agreement?

A

Millions of EU citizens can move to find work and better opportunities. Helps fill job vacancies.

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4
Q

Describe criticisms of the Schengen Agreement.

A

Gives companies easy access to cheap labour (undercutting domestic workers and lowering wages).
Allowing free movement to criminals and terrorists. 2015 Paris attacks caused internal border checks to be introduced by 6 Schengen members in 2016.

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5
Q

Describe Singapore’s immigration policy.

A

Encourages immigration due to low fertility rate and aging population. Strictly only skilled workers granted permanent residency. Low-skilled migrants granted temporary immigration from neighbouring countries .

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6
Q

What percentage of Singapore’s population is foreign-born?

A

64%

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7
Q

Describe Japan’s population.

A

Aging and shrinking population. 25% is aged 65 or over. Experts calculate Japan needs 200,000 immigrants a year and a fertility rate of over 2.1 to maintain its economy and living standards.

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8
Q

Describe Japan’s immigration policy.

A

Strict policies that discourage immigration as Japanese people believe it would disrupt society and increase crime. Babies born to foreign-born parents must go through a naturalisation process to be granted citizenship. Paid immigrants to leave after financial crisis.

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9
Q

What percentage of Japan’s population is foreign-born?

A

2.3%.

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10
Q

Describe Australia’s immigration policy.

A

Skills-based points system including education, English skills, age. 70% migrants accepted based on skills shortages.

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11
Q

Describe benefits of Australia’s immigration policy.

A

Each immigrant contributes on average 10% more to the economy each year than non-migrants.
Offsets the potential issues of aging and declining population such as pressures on social and medical care seen in Japan.

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12
Q

What percentage of Australia’s population is foreign-born?

A

30% - the highest among Western nations.

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13
Q

How does the Lee model determine if migration will occur?

A

When the balance of push and pull factors is strong enough to overcome intervening obstacles to migration.

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14
Q

Give an example of migration due to environmental changes.

A

Residents leaving Kiribati to New Zealand (migration with dignity) due to sea level rises.

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15
Q

Give an example of migration due to economic change.

A

Migration from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan to Qatar for extensive construction for example for the 2022 World Cup.

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16
Q

Give an example of migration due to political changes.

A

Syrian civil war - 5 million asylum seekers forced outside Syria.

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17
Q

What is a migration corridor?

A

Established route with limited obstacles for migrants to take. E.g. network of connectors or smugglers helps Mexico-US migrants.

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18
Q

What are the causes of the European migrant crisis?

A

11 million Syrians leaving due to ISIS and civil war.
Conflicts in African countries e.g. Libya, Sudan and South Sudan, Somalia.
Poor conditions for asylum seekers in Turkiye.
Open migration policy in EU members e.g. Germany taking 500,000 per year.
Partly due to opinions in EU countries changing due to deaths when crossing Mediterranean.

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19
Q

Briefly describe regional migration in the UK.

A

Free movement within UK. Over 3 mil regional movements per year - largely University-related. London has highest rate of out-migration, often due to high house prices. East Midlands had highest rate of in-migration.

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20
Q

What is assimilation of migrants?

A

The gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country. Happens over time as they adjust to the host nation’s way of life.

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21
Q

Describe economic impacts of Mexico-US migration.

A

Mexican migrants contribute 4% of GDP per year.
Over $5bn spent on border control per year in US.

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22
Q

Describe social/cultural impacts of Mexico-US migration.

A

Hispanic/Latino culture made significant contributions to US cuisine, media, music, language, religion.
By accepting lower wages, wages for low-skilled American workers are also lowered - causing tensions.

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23
Q

What is the demographic impact of Mexico-US migration?

A

Main reason for US population growth, preventing an aging US workforce.

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24
Q

Describe post-WW2 migration to the UK.

A

Commonwealth countries (West Indies, India, Pakistan) over 500,000 economic migrants. Filled job gaps in UK and helped recover from WW2. Suffered discrimination and the Windrush scandal (incorrect deportation and rights-withdrawing).

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25
Q

Name an example of an ethnic enclave in London.

A

Southall - ‘little India’ = hub for South Asians since 1950s.

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26
Q

Why did so many South Asians immigrate to Southall around the 1950s?

A

Close proximity to Heathrow airport.
Local economic opportunities in manufacturing.
Snowball effect of subsequent South Asian immigrants moving to an area with similar culture.

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27
Q

What is a diaspora?

A

Dispersed populations of culturally homogenous groups.

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28
Q

What is a state?

A

A territory over which no other country holds power or sovereignty.

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29
Q

What is a nation?

A

A territorialised group of people who may lack sovereignty. Includes Scottish and Welsh nations that are part of the UK (sovereign state).

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30
Q

What is a dependent territory?

A

Dependencies, including Greenland (belongs to Denmark), Hong Kong, Jersey, have autonomy for many aspects of governance but lack full sovereignty.

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31
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The ability of a place and its people to self-govern without any outside interference.

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32
Q

What is a nation state?

A

A political and geographical entity; nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity that has complete sovereignty. Has a collective identity from a shared history and (often ethnicity).

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33
Q

List 3 type of borders.

A

Physical borders (rivers, coastlines mountains)
Cultural (divide between ethnic groups)
Borders to resolve political crises e.g. North/South Korean border.

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34
Q

Compare the ethnic composition of Iceland and Singapore.

A

Iceland - homogenous. 2200km from mainland Europe so isolated.
Singapore - heterogenous (diverse). Key trade hub in British empire. Attracts migrants from China, Malaysia, India and Other (CMIO diversity).

35
Q

Compare the cultural beliefs of Singapore and Iceland.

A

Iceland - laws and society fiercely protect cultural heritage and national identity. E.g. all children’s names must come from an approved list to protect heritage. Foreign words prevented from entering Icelandic language.
Singapore - difficult to establish strong cultural identity due to massive multiculturalism. Singaporean government has tried using typical Asian values, to little success.

36
Q

Compare the brief histories of Iceland and Singapore.

A

Iceland - Independence from Denmark in 1944. Strong Icelandic and viking cultural history since around 1000AD.
Singapore - Established in 1819 as a British colonial trading post. Growth was due to immigration. Sections divided into distinctive ethnic areas.

37
Q

How did empires create nationalism?

A

Competition between colonies.
Independence movements brought people together to oppose control from another country.

38
Q

Outline a case study for the emergence of nationalism in a country.

A

France abolition of monarch during French revolution. Govt established - France became a republic. Stronger sense of French National identity, unifying under a govt. Increased cultural ties in France - sharing a language and culture, leading to the emergence of France as a nation state.

39
Q

Outline a case study for the creation of multiple nation states.

A

Treaty of Versailles (end of WW1). Broke up Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires - emergence of countries and separate cultures with sovereignty, leading to national identity and autonomy = nation state.

40
Q

Describe conflict and independence in Vietnam.

A

Colonial powers controlled South-East Asia. french defeat meant Vietnam was ‘reclaimed’. Divided into 2 due to disputes: USA vs communism. North was China supported. South was USA supported. Long devastating war. South defeated 1975, independence established. Currently developing country.

41
Q

What was the ‘wind of change’.

A

Many (especially British) colonies became independent nations in 1960s. Prime minister at the time called it the wind of change.

42
Q

What were the consequences of the ‘wind of change’?

A

Left without establishing a secure govt. Military often seized power.
Economies constructed to supply west - not industrialised.
Ethnic and political differences caused tensions and conflicts.
Superpowers tried to gain influence in new nations, increasing corruption and exploitation.

43
Q

Describe conflict and independence in Sudan due to colonialism.

A

Major European nations determined African boarders. Sudan north and south divided based on ethnic characteristics. North: Britain and Egypt modernised the mostly Arabic country. South: Black African south victim of ‘divide and rule’ tribal communities. Sudanese fought against each other rather than the colonial rule. Marginalised and left out of development. Major civil war in South (and now both) continues. UN declared it a ‘major failure’.

44
Q

What is the difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion?

A

Avoidance - legal loopholes to reduce taxation.
Evasion - illegally not paying owed taxes.

45
Q

Outline Ireland as a tax haven case study.

A

Have 12.5% corporation tax compared to UK’s 20%. Ireland received 180bn in US FDI over 20 years - more than the BRICs combined. Significant contribution to recession recovery.

46
Q

Outline the Cayman Islands as a tax haven case study.

A

Small collection of British overseas Islands - popular tourist destination.
0% personal income tax and low business taxes. 40 of the worlds top banks have HQs there.

47
Q

Why do NGOs object to tax havens?

A

Reduce the amount of money that is invested in developing countries and encourage corruption. Less govt spending on public services eg NHS. Increases inequality as rich get richer.

48
Q

Explain how Trump lead to political and economic instability.

A

Populist voting campaign lead to supporters of working class voters who felt left behind due to global shifts in manufacturing. ‘America first’ = anti-free trade and anti-immigration, threatening global economic system of free movement of people, capital and goods. 2019 trade war with China threatened global economics and growth.

49
Q

Outline the Bolivian socialist government’s alternative approach to tackling inequality.

A

Kicked out US TNC in water over water privatisation. Nationalised gas and oil industries (profit to govt). Expelled US agencies and ambassadors, calling Obama an imperialist.

50
Q

What were the consequences of Bolivia’s alternative approach?

A

Massive reduction in Gini Index - top decile of earners did not experience income growth, whilst lowest deciles did. Decreased inequality and alleviation of poverty. Economic growth os over 4% per year. BUT remains lowest GDP per capita in South America. Economy reliant on oil and gas pries.

51
Q

Name some trade blocs with named members.

A

TPP (trans pacific partnership): US, Canada, Chile, Singapore, Aus, New Zealand and more
European Union: not UK (sigh)
OPEC: Qatar, UAE, Nigeria and more
NAFTA: US, Canada, Mexico

52
Q

What are the advantages of trade blocs?

A

Free trade within bloc = economic growth
Market access and trade creation
Economies of scale
Jobs
Protection and reduced chance of conflict
Greater political influence on world stage

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of trade blocs?

A

Less benefit of wider global economy
Distorts world trade
Inefficiencies and trade diversion
Trade wars
Non-members frozen out of trade
Administration costs
Loss of sovereignty

54
Q

Outline the Brexit debate in relation to jobs.

A

Leave: incentivising investment through low corporation tax and other perks, Britain can flourish like the non-EU Scandinavian countries, creating jobs.
Stay: 3 million jobs directly linked to EU and will be at risk. Businesses would be less likely to invest in UK if it was outside Europe as trade benefits of EU diminish.

55
Q

What is the role of the UN?

A

Established in 1945 after WW2, its global governance is used to regulate human activity at an international scale, aiming to reduce the tensions that lead to the world wars.

56
Q

Name and describe 3 different bodies in the UN.

A

UNDP (development programme)
WHO (health organisation)
UNEP (environmental programme - governance on environmental issues)

57
Q

Name 3 of the 6 principle organs of the UN?

A

General assembly
Security council
International Court of Justice

58
Q

Describe an extreme example of unilateral action (one-sided action where a group of countries acts against another without formal UN approval).

A

After 9/11 attacks in 2001, as part of the ‘war on terror’ the USA led UK, Australia, Poland to invade Iraq in 2003. Deposed Saddam Hussein’s govt based on evidence of existing Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Initially supported by UN, but proving wrong of mass destruction weapons caused the UN Secretary General to declare the invasion in contravention of the UN charter.

59
Q

What were the consequences of the Iraq war?

A

Massive destabilisation due to a damaging civil war, destabilising the region. Strengthened Iran and allowed the rapid growth of ISIS.

60
Q

Outline a case study for UN intervention by economic sanctions.

A

Iran, considered a rogue state was thought to be building nuclear weapons. Economic sanctions and financial restrictions by UN. Destabilised oil prices as Iran’s exports of oil drastically reduced. GDP reduced 5%. More recently, Iran offered to stop uranium enrichment to lift sanctions. This has sort of happened.

61
Q

Outline a case study for UN intervention by direct military intervention.

A

Ethnic cleansing by Bosnian Serbs on Bosnian Muslims. Safe zone created by Dutch UN peacekeepers in a small town in north-eastern Bosnia. Soon put under siege by Bosnian Serb forces, capturing the town. Starvation, massacring of 8000 Muslim men and boys, deported 23,000 women and children, many suffered rape. Dutch peacekeepers killed or taken hostage, threatened with execution of Dutch interfered.

62
Q

What is the main difference between the IMF and WB?

A

IMF - loans for countries in crisis
WB - investment into developing economies

63
Q

What was involved in the SAPs imposed by the WB and IMF on Jamaica.

A

Billions of dollars needed to stabilise economy after massive interest rates and debt from social programmes. Higher taxes, wage caps, devaluing of the economy, reduce govt spending. Had to pay back loans from WB and IMF with interest.

64
Q

Why did the SAP in Jamaica fail?

A

Interest rates so high in WB and IMF that Jamaica pays more to WB and IMF than it receives. Devaluing the economy and a period of austerity destabilises the economy further, making FDI there unattractive and other knock on effects. Also didn’t qualify for HIPC initiative.

65
Q

What were the impacts of the failed SAPs in Jamaica?

A

People could not afford food, fuel, clothing. Healthcare and education services declined. Riots in 1985. Economy was producing less than pre-SAP levels. Debts had grown to 180% of GDP from 61%.

66
Q

What were the impacts of water privatisation due to SAPs in Tanzania?

A

Less tap water supplies in areas. Less profit for govt. Poor water sanitation. Water inequality. Increased cost of living. Black market for water (informal economy - again less for govt). Profits for foreign TNC. Destabilisation of economy.

67
Q

What is the HIPC initiative?

A

Highly indebted poor countries initiative by the WB and IMF looks to alleviate debt to increase govt spending and boost economic development.

68
Q

As one of the first HIPC initiative benefits, what were the impacts of debt alleviation in Uganda?

A

Increased govt spending in:
Healthcare
Education (5 million more children in school)
Services (greater % of people with access to improved water sources)
Farmer subsidies and investment in roads reduced undernourishment.

69
Q

Globalisation impacts on environment.

A

Global shift - rapid urbanisation
Rising middle class (e.g. cattle farming)
Cheap aviation
Containerisation and increased global trade
Increased trade of fossil fuels

70
Q

Describe the Montreal protocol.

A

International treaty negotiated and enforced by the UN protecting the ozone layer by phasing out production of CFCs that cause ozone depletion. First universally signed treaty in UN history. Virtually all countries have phased out CFC production. Predicted to fully recover by 2070. Funding given to developing countries to offset burden of reducing production.

71
Q

Why was the Montreal protocol successful?

A

Definable cause and effect relationship
Little disputing of evidence
Funding assistance for developing nations
CFC substitutes already available
Global risks were immediate and widespread

72
Q

What was CITES? How successful?

A

Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species. Protects trade of endangered wildlife. Agreement signed by govts to reinforce rules on trade of endangered species. 182 signed. over 35000 species protected. Considered successful in monitoring and restricting legal trade of animals. However, this is difficult and expensive.

73
Q

What is the Antarctic treaty/protocol?

A

Many nations claimed territory in resource-rich, key scientific area Antarctica. Antarctic Treaty signed 1959 by 12 nations involved in Antarctica. Military activity banned. Scientific cooperation encouraged with freedom to carry out research. Territorial claims have no further disputes, provided there are no extensions to the claims. Planned expeditions must be announced in advance.

74
Q

Outline the success of the Antarctic treaty.

A

Number of signed countries increased from 12 to 53. No territorial disputes or military activity taken place. Scientific research has been key in measuring and tacking atmospheric environmental problems.

75
Q

Outline the role of NGOs in managing global environmental problems (case study).

A

Greenpeace video campaign. LEGO forced to end partnership with Shell as over 1 mil emailed LEGO for this to happen. Reduced over-abstraction and oil spills in Antarctica.

76
Q

Explain why global efforts to mitigate environmental risks may be failing.

A

Unsuccessful in protecting biodiversity. E.g. overfishing of bluefin tuna and poaching of African Elephants for ivory. IGOs aware of issues, but are difficult to tackle. 70% of worlds species will be endangered with 3.5C rise.

77
Q

How is nationalism reinforced in the UK?

A

Education
Sport (London olympics)
Politics (brexit)
History (pride in role in WW2)

78
Q

List threats to national identity.

A

Foreign ownership of british brands.
Cultural diffusion.
Death of the high street.
Emigration (brain drain).
Annexation and invasion, war and conflict.
Too much foreign ownership in UK real estate.

79
Q

Explain non-national ownership of property as a threat to national identity.

A

Very high foreign ownership in London. E.g. 10% of money spent on property is Russian. Qatar is the biggest foreign owner of UK property e.g. Shard, Canary Wharf, Olympic Village. Increased property prices in London - unaffordable housing for some. Concept of British people being unable to afford housing due to foreign ownership is considered a threat to national identity.

80
Q

Explain foreign ownership of UK brands as a threat to national identity.

A

E.g. much of car industry owned by Germany (rolls royce), Japan (Honda), USA (Ford). Less soft power influence. Less flows within UK - less corporation tax for govt. Less jobs created by brands in UK. Loss of British identity.

81
Q

Describe the steel situation.

A

Massive Job losses in manufacturing hubs in UK. China and India Tata steel much cheaper to import. They also own large amounts of the steel industry here. Undermines industrial heritage of UK, threatening UK jobs due to foreign ownership. Steel shaped the UK, now the industry is eroding.

82
Q

Nationalism has caused Catalonia to want independence from Spain, explain why and its consequences.

A

Produces 20% of Spains GDP despite having a much smaller % of the population. Feelings of injustice in Catalonia. Has its own language and cultural history. Increased autonomy in the region would grant Catalonians national identity. But rest of Spain would suffer. Held ‘illegal’ referendum in 2016 where 90% voted to leave. Frequent protests and tensions.

83
Q

Explain the similar situation in the UK.

A

Scotland want independence. Would get more control over resources - econ development. Increase in political sovereignty, reflecting Scottish views in Parliament. Increase political influence. Restrictions to influence include EU membership. Tension between Scotland and UK particularly with Brexit. Reduction in FDI if businesses choose to emigrate.

84
Q

Outline Syria as a failed state.

A

Civil war due to terrorist groups and ISIS. Iran and Russia fight on one cultural side, Saudi, UK, US, France, Qatar fight on another cultural side. Ethnically divided. hindered econ growth and extreme poverty. Civil war = loss of national identity. Loss of 500,000 lives. Emigration of millions of Syrians seeking refuge in Turkiye and Hungary (knock on impacts).

Human Geography (2 decks)

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