Migration And Glaciation

Question 1

What is an emigrant?

Answer 1

A person who leaves a place (‘E’ for ‘exit’)

Question 2

What is an immigrant?

Answer 2

A person who arrives in a place (‘I’ for ‘in’)

Question 3

What is the origin?

Answer 3

The country or place from which the migrant begins

Question 4

What is the destination?

Answer 4

The country of place to which the migrant has travelled to

Question 5

What are the push factors for moving to a particular area?

Answer 5

High crime, crop failure, famine, drought, flooding, war, poverty

Question 6

What are the pull factors for coming to a particular place?

Answer 6

Higher employment chances, more wealth, better services, good climate, safer, less crime, more fertile land

Question 7

What is a refugee?

Answer 7

This type of migrant is someone who has had to leave their country because of fear of persecution, because of religion, race, nationality etc

Question 8

What is an ice age?

Answer 8

A period when there is a long-term reduction in the temperature resulting in the presence of ice

Question 9

When was the last ice age?

Answer 9

18,000 years ago

Question 10

What is a glacier?

Answer 10

A slow moving river of ice

Question 11

What are ice sheets?

Answer 11

The large area of thick ice found in Antartica

Question 12

What are ice caps?

Answer 12

Smaller areas of thick ice

Question 13

What does a glacier system consist of?

Answer 13

Inputs, flows, stores and outputs

Question 14

Where do inputs come from?

Answer 14

Avalanches along the sides of the glacier but mainly from snow

Question 15

What is the main output for the glacier?

Answer 15

Meltwater, along with evaporation

Question 16

What is abrasion?

Answer 16

The material frozen into the glacier scours the valley sides and base

Question 17

What is plucking?

Answer 17

The water at the bottom of the glacier freezes onto rock on the valley base. As the glacier moves, the Rock is pulled away from the valley base

Question 18

What is an Arête?

Answer 18

A very narrow ridge on a mountain and is sometimes described like a knife edge

Question 19

What is a misfit stream?

Answer 19

A stream that is too small to have eroded the U-shaped valley in which it flows

Question 20

What is an avalanche?

Answer 20

A mass of snow and ice that moves very rapidly down a mountainside

Question 21

What is migration?

Answer 21

The movement of people from one place to another

Question 22

Where are the highest population densities found?

Answer 22

North west Europe

Question 23

What is population density?

Answer 23

The number of people that live in a given area

Question 24

How do we work out population density?

Answer 24

No. Of people divided by km2

Question 25

What is an example of a European glacier?

Answer 25

Merde Glace, France

Question 26

What are interglacials?

Answer 26

Intermittent warm periods between ice ages

Question 27

What are crevasses?

Answer 27

Cracks in the ice

Question 28

What is accumulation?

Answer 28

In the winter, inputs usually exceed outputs near to the head of the glacier

Question 29

What is ablation?

Answer 29

In the summer and at lower altitudes, outputs will exceed inputs. Here the glacier retreats

Question 30

Explain glacial erosion:

Answer 30

Snow collects in a natural hollow on the side of a mountain. Overtime further snow collects in the hollow. This extra weight compresses the snow underneath turning it into ice. The hollow is deepened and widened by the processes of abrasion and plucking.

Question 31

What is an example of a pyramidal peak?

Answer 31

Matter-horn, Alps

Question 32

What is a pyramidal peak?

Answer 32

An angular sharply pointed mountain peak which results from Carrie erosion due to multiple glaciers diverging from a central point

Question 33

What is a glacial trough/U-shaped valley?

Answer 33

This is when glaciers cut distinctive u-shaped valleys with a flat floor and steep sides

Question 34

What is a truncated spur?

Answer 34

As the valley glacier moves, abrasion and plucking erode the tips of the valley, leaving them truncated

Question 35

What is a moraine?

Answer 35

A type of landform that is created when a glacier deposits the material that it has been transporting.

Question 36

What are the types of moraine called?

Answer 36

Lateral, medial, ground, recessional and terminal

Question 37

What is a collection of drumlins called?

Answer 37

A swarm

Question 38

What are striatons?

Answer 38

Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion

Question 39

What is ground moraine?

Answer 39

Moraine that is dragged beneath a glacier and forms part of the valley floor.

Question 40

What is lateral moraine?

Answer 40

Moraine that is produced from frost shattering on the valley sides.

Question 41

What is terminal moraine?

Answer 41

Moraine that is found at the snout of a glacier and marks the maximum advance of the glacier

Question 42

What is medial moraine?

Answer 42

Moraine that is found at the centre of a glacier

Question 43

What is recessional moraine?

Answer 43

Moraine that marks interruptions in the retreat of the glacier

Question 44

What is an erratic?

Answer 44

Boulders that are different to the bedrock upon which it is sitting. They have been transported and deposited by a glacier.

Question 45

What are the natural causes of avalanches?

Answer 45

1. Small earthquake

2. In the spring, melting weakens layers of snow and ice making it unstable

Question 46

What are the ways we can reduce the hazard of avalanches?

Answer 46

1. Avalanche shed to protect railway lines
2. Fences on the steep slopes to hold the snow
3. Trees to hold snow and break up small avalanches