Migration and Empire - Part One Flashcards

1
Q

Who invaded England once Romans left?

A

Tribes from Denmark and Northern Germany known as Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

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2
Q

How did Anglo-Saxons rule over England?

A

There were different kingdoms, led by lords and chieftains.

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3
Q

What religion were the Anglo-Saxons by AD 800?

A

Christian.

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4
Q

Who were the Vikings?

A

People from Scandinavia.

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5
Q

How did the vikings attack England?

A

Around AD 790, Vikings raided monasteries and villages near the coast.
They also sailed up rivers and attacked further inland and set up camps.

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6
Q

Why did the vikings invade Britain?

A

-They knew of how wealthy some Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had become.
-Better farming land - Scandinavia had little arable land.
-Opportunities for younger brothers who didn’t inherit land in Scandinavia.
-Scandinavia was becoming overpopulated.

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7
Q

What happened in 871AD to Alfred?

A

Alfred, 22 year old son of Aethelred of Wessex became king after his father’s death. He would become known as Alfred the Great and would become king. He fought the Vikingd and helped bring peace to the country.

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8
Q

What did the vikings do in 876AD?

A

After conquering Northumbria, East Anglia and most of Mercia, the vikings now turned to Wessex and began a series of attacks. After some early success, King Alfred and his army were driven back and forced to hide on the Isle of Athelney in the Somerset marshes.

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9
Q

What did King Alfred do in May 878AD?

A

He beat the vikings at the Battle of Edington in Wiltshire and the two sides discussed peace.

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10
Q

How did the vikings and Alfred agree to peace?

A

-The viking leader Guthrum had to become Christian and agree never to attack Wessex again.
-A boundary was created between Anglo-Saxon and Viking territory. The vikings were to live in the north and east of the country in the Danelaw.

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11
Q

What happened after the peace was signed between Alfred and Guthrum?

A

-During Alfred’s reign (871-899), there were still Viking raids on Anglo-Saxon territory.
-However, Alfred strengthened defences across the country.
-Many vikings in the Danelaw settled and lived fairly peacefully.
-People travelled and traded between Wessex and the Danelaw and there was intermarriage between Vikings and Anglo-Saxons.
-Other kingdoms in England acknowledged him to be the overlord.
-After Alfred died, his descendants recaptured parts of the Danelaw.
-By Alfred’s great-grandson (Edgar the Peaceful) became king in 959AD, the country was settled as it had been for generations.

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12
Q

What kingdoms were there before Viking raids?

A

Northumbria in the north, Mercia in the midlands, East Anglia, Essex and Kent in the South-East, Sussex in the south, Wessex in the South-West.

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13
Q

What happened in 991 during King Aethelred’s reign?

A

A huge Viking army led by Sven Forkbeard and Olaf Tryggvason arrived at Folkestone in a fleet of over 90 ships.

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14
Q

How was King Aethelred defeated in 991?

A

At the Battle of Maldon in 991, Aethelred was defeated by the Vikings.

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15
Q

What was the Danegeld?

A

Money that Aethelred paid the Danish to stop raids, costing a fortune of taxpayer money, making the English population angry.

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16
Q

How did Aethelred stop paying the Danegeld?

A

He made a deal with the Normans stating that they would support themselves against their enemies. This meant Vikings would not be able to use Normandy as a base to launch attacks on England. This did not stop Viking attempts to conquer them.

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17
Q

What happened in November 1002?

A

Aethelred carried out a mass killing of all Viking men, women and children south of the Danelaw. This became known as the St Brice’s Day Massacre.

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18
Q

How did Sven Forkbeard react in 1013?

A

The King of Denmark is angered (his sister was murdered) so he summons a large army and conquers England. Aethelred fled.

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19
Q

What happened to Forkbeard in 1014? What were the consequences?

A

Forkbeard died. His son, Cnut, succeeded him. Aethelred returned to England and forces Cnut back to Denmark. Aethelred is now back on the throne.

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20
Q

What happened in England between 1014-16?

A

Cnut’s supporters in England rebel against Aethelred.

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21
Q

What happened in April 1016?

A

Aethelred died and his son, Edmund, became king.

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22
Q

What happened in October 1016?

A

Cnut finally beats King Edmund and beat him at the Battle of Assandun in Essex.

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23
Q

How did Cnut and Edmund agree to terms after Cnut’s victory?

A

-Wessex will belong to Edmund.
-The rest of the country will be run by Cnut.
-When one dies, the other inherits the land.

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24
Q

What happened about a month after Edmund and Cnut’s agreement?

A

King Edmund died and his territory in Wessex was inherited by Cnut and he became king of all of England.

25
Q

How was Britain treated under Cnut’s rule?

A

Despite conquering England, he saw it as his main domain, rather than part of the Danish Empire as it was his richest kingdom.

Cnut soon inherited Denmark, Norway and some of Sweden. This became known as Cnut’s North Sea Empire.

26
Q

What were the positives of Cnut’s rule for England?

A

-Trustworthy English nobles were left to rule over their areas.
-Peaceful time, free from viking raids.
-Brought back popular laws of Edgar the Peaceful.
-Saw Britain as his main domain, not a colony.

27
Q

What were the negatives of Cnut’s rule for England?

A

-Hostile takeover.
-He was tough on Anglo-Saxons he thought might rebel againsg him.
-Ordered the execution of many powerful Anglo-Saxons.
-Transferred riches back to Denmark.
-Danish nobles were given land.

28
Q

Who was Emma of Normandy?

A

Sister of the Duke of Normandy, she first married Aethelred then Cnut. She helped unite Anglo-Saxons and Vikings. Her marriage to Cnut helped expand his North Sea Empire. She was a strong leader who commanded respect in her territories. She also improved relations with the Church and helped bring peace to England. She was also good with money. Two of her children - Edward (with Aethelred) and Harthacnut (with Cnut) became kings of England.

29
Q

Who were the claimants to the throne after Edward the Confessor’s death?

A

-William Duke of Normandy - claimed both Edward and Harold Godwinson agreed he should take the throne.

-Harold Godwinson - most powerful man in England - the Witan supported his claim to the throne.

-Harald Hardrada - Viking ruler of Denmark stated Vikings had conquered England for many years.

30
Q

How did William become King?

A

After Edward’s death, the Witan elected Harold Godwinson as King. They crowned him immediately.

-September 1066: Harald Hardrada was defeated by King Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

-14th October 1066: King Harold was defeated by William, Duke of Normandy.

-Christmas Day 1066: William, Duke of Normandy was crowned king.

31
Q

How did King William control the English?

A

William faced rebellions which he put down fiercely. He kept control by:

-Giving Normans land in return for loyalty and support.
-Each norman baron and lord had his own knights and soldiers to keep the peace.
-Giving supporters top jobs in the Church.
-Encouraging Norman barons to build castles to control the whole of England.

32
Q

How did England change under the Normans?

A

-French customs were introduced.
-French became the language of those in power.
-Normans built hundreds of new churches, cathedrals and monasteries.

33
Q

How did power in England change after William the Conqueror?

A

William died in 1087 and his possessions were divided up between his two eldest sons. Henry got nothing until one of his brothers died and he became King. He then defeated his brother and William’s possessions were now under his control, Henry I.

34
Q

How did power in England change after Henry I?

A

-Henry wanted his daughter, Matilda, to rule when he died. He married her to a powerful French lord, Geoffrey of Anjou.

-When Henry died, a powerful noble named Stephen seized the throne. Many people felt he had a claim to the throne.

-For the next 19 years there was a series of battles as Matilda fought back.

-In 1153, an agreement was reached that Matilda’s son, Henry, would become king when Stephen died.

-In October 1154, King Stephen died and Matilda’s son became King Henry II of England.

35
Q

What were Henry II and his brothers referred to?

A

The Angevins.

36
Q

What did the Angevins become known as?

A

Plantagenets.

37
Q

What land did Henry II inherit?

A

As well as being King of England, he was:

Duke of Normandy
Count of Anjou
Count of Maine

He also married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152 before becoming King, inheriting much of France.

38
Q

How did Henry II come to control much of Ireland?

A

King Dermot of Leinster asked Henry II for help against another king.

Henry sent over an army to assist but the knights and barons who went used it as an opportunity to seize land for themselves. By the mid 1170s the English controlled more land than the Irish.

Henry used his control in Ireland to strengthen and build new fortifications and to develop Dublin.

39
Q

Who inherited Henry II’s land? What happened to him?

A

Richard I became king when Henry died. He spent a long period of his reign in France on crusades. He lost land in France to King Philip II.

40
Q

How did John get into power? What impact did he have on England?

A

He became king in 1199 when Richard died. He lost the remaining French and only held on to Gascony. He had a terrible military record.

41
Q

What territories did King John lose?

A

-Brittany
-Anjou
-Normandy
-Maine

42
Q

What happened in 1193-94?

A

Philip II of France invades Normandy and Anjou.

43
Q

What happened in 1199?

A

Richard is killed, John becomes king and Arthur of Brittany are in conflict over land in France, Arthur is murdered.

44
Q

What happened in 1202-05?

A

Philip II conquers Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Brittany.

45
Q

What happened in 1216?

A

John died and with the loss of Anjou and most of France, the Angevin Empire ends.

46
Q

How did the barons react to John Softsword?

A

-John’s poor battle record meant the Angevin Empire was reduced to Gascony.
-People in England had to pay high taxes to pay for attempted invasions to get French land back.
-John didn’t listen to the barons.
-The barons raised an army against John and occupied London. John needed their support so he had to agree to their demands.
-In 1215, John signed Magna Carta which promised to respect the rights of the barons and to stop unfair taxes.

47
Q

What happened in 1337?

A

King Edward III claimed the French throne and declared war on France to protect his economy and power. This started the Hundred Years’ War.

48
Q

What were the economic causes for the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Edward risked losing taxes as the French threatened the wine rich Gascony and cloth rich Flanders.

49
Q

What were the social causes of the Hundred Years’ War?

A

-The people of England would lose business such as in the wool trade and have to pay higher taxes.

50
Q

What were the political causes for the Hundred Years’ War?

A

-Edward thought he had a better claim to the French throne.
-The French had offered to help the Scots who Edward was in conflict with.

51
Q

What happened in Stage 1 of the Hundred Years’ War?(1337-60)

A

Edward III won important battles at Crecy (1346) and Poltiers (1356) and gained control of Gascony, Calais etc.

52
Q

What happened in Stage 2 of the Hundred Years’ War?(1370)

A

The French won back some of the land they had lost.

53
Q

What happened in Stage 3 of the Hundred Years’ War? (1413-53)

A

Henry V became King of England and won at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The English won despite being outnumbered and tired due to the muddy conditions and their superior longbows.

Henry V then conquered Normandy. After his death, his son took over and he lost most of the territory in France.

The French were inspired by St Joan of Arc’s bravery and beat the English back.

54
Q

How did the Battle of Agincourt begin?

A

The French and English stood opposite each other in a field near to forests on either side.

55
Q

How did the French lose the Battle of Agincourt?

A

Henry moved his troops forward and ordered his archers to open fire.
The French tried charging at the English, but the muddy conditions and the superior longbows, they were slowed down.
The French continued to charge but got stuck in the mud. The English slaughtered them.
The Battle was a disaster for the French, the survivors fled.

56
Q

What were the short term impacts of the Hundred Years’ War?

A

Some areas of France were devastated with buildings, crops and animals destroyed.
Soldiers and civilians on both sides were killed.

57
Q

What were the medium term impacts of the Hundred Years’ War?

A

-France became unified under one king.
-England lost money because of lost territories.
-Some English people got very rich from stealing from towns and villages.
-The foot soldier became the key element of the army.
-Gunpowder, canons and handguns were used in battle.
-A new and improved system of taxation for France was started.

58
Q

What were the long term impacts of the Hunded Years’ War?

A

-Increased nationalist feeling in both countries.
-The English identity developed. It also started to distance itself from Europe.
-England went to conquer lands further afield and no longer looked to conquer continental Europe.

59
Q
A