Migration And Empire

Question 1

Explain Q Structure

Answer 1

Address Question : “There were many reasons why…”

Clear Reasons Linked to topic : One reason why (topic happened) was (example), which was (give further detail about example), this was a reason for (topic) because…

Question 2

Explain Q Paragraph Example

Answer 2

One reason for Scottish migration was the highland clearances, which was when landlords forcible evicted Scottish tenants as it was more profitable to have sheep on the land instead of crofters. This was a reason for Scottish migration because it caused many highland Scot’s to become both homeless and unemployed at once, and so had no choice but to migrate elsewhere in order to survive.

Question 3

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 1

Answer 3

• highland Clearances
• Scottish tenants forcible evicted
• More profitable to have sheep on land than crofters
• Caused highland Scot’s to become homeless and unemployed at once

Question 4

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 2

Answer 4

• Potato Blight 1846
• Potato crops failed and couldn’t be used as food
• many Scot’s relied on potatoes for food

Question 5

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 3

Answer 5

•Coercion
•Offered cheap or free land in countries like Canada
•Scot’s wouldn’t have such opportunities for land in Scotland due to u employment and low wages

Question 6

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 4

Answer 6

•Industrialisation
•Skilled trades people in rural lowlands made redundant as their wares could be made for cheaper by machinery
•workers chose to move abroad where their skills were still in high demand

Question 7

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 5

Answer 7

•Highlands isolated
•people didn’t have many chances to socialise
•highlanders moved to lowlands in hope of enjoying football games, music halls and cinemas

Question 8

Explain the reasons for Scottish migration
Reason 6

Answer 8

•Widespread Disease
•1831 = 31.2% of population lives in towns and cities
•1930 = 63.4% due to mass urbanisation
•Disease was widespread in growing towns
•Lowlanders sought new homes abroad where there were more open spaces, land, and less chance of disease so they could build a healthier life for their families

Question 9

Explain the reasons for migration of Scot’s
Reason 7

Answer 9

•Rural Scot’s were poorly educated
•Education Act of 1872 meant all Scot’s aged between 5-13 got free education but this was easier to access in the lowlands
• Scot’s relocated to provide their children with a better cultural upbringing

Question 10

Explain the reason for the migration of Scot’s
Reason 8

Answer 10

•Couldn’t practise religion
•religious people emigrated as a form of religious salvation and moved to places where they would be free to practise they’re own religion without any prosecution
•Many Scot’s moved in order to live their lives in a culturally unrestricted way

Question 11

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 1

Answer 11

•Catholic Irish immigrants usually all settled in the areas nearest to where they landed
• These areas were already impoverished, and as the arriving Irish were already poor they didn’t have the means to move elsewhere
• characterised by continued poverty and disease, which was made worse by the overcrowding

Question 12

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 2

Answer 12

• Irish Protestants we’re more highly educated than Irish catholics
• had more opportunities in employment in Scotland in industries such as weaving as their skills were highly sought after
• experience was significantly easier than that of Irish catholics

Question 13

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 3

Answer 13

•Lithuanians migrating to Scotland to escape poverty and persecution they faced in Russia
• Poor on arrival and settled in poor areas to gain employment in developing heavy industries
•Many good job and housing opportunities in these areas

Question 14

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 4

Answer 14

•Jews migrated to escape persecution in Eastern Europe
•Often settled near to eachother where accommodation was cheap and so that they could speak in their native language with others
•by 1914 10,000 Jews settled in gorbals area of glasgow and developed their tailoring

Question 15

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 5

Answer 15

•Italians began immigrating to Scotland in the late 1800s
•mainly due to America changing their open door policy which stopped Italians immigrating there
•Established cafes for sale of ice cream and fish and chips in Scotland
• Helped develop Scotlands leisure’s industry , improving Scotland economy meaning Italians were able to thrive

Question 16

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 6

Answer 16

•The Easter Rising in 1916
•Heightened political tensions between some catholics and native Scot’s
• Increase in support for Sinn Fien by 1920 there were 80 Sinn Fien Clubs in Scotland

Question 17

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 7

Answer 17

•Scot’s reacted poorly to Irish catholics
•Mainly down to their clear difference of religion
• Led to formation of anti catholic groups like the Scottish Protestant league

Question 18

Explain the reasons why the experience of immigrants in Scotland was varied
Reason 8

Answer 18

•Lithuanians faced negative reactions form Scot’s
•mainly from those who working in the mines alongside Lithuanians
•we’re seen as being willing to accept lower wages and we’re sometimes used as Stoke beakers by mine owners
•Suspicion of Lithuanians and a contempt for them from native miners

Question 19

How Fully Q Structure

Answer 19

Judgement : Source X describes/explains (topic) to a certain extent

Content x3-4 : the source says (Quote). This shows that (Point) was a reason for/an impact of…because…

Omissions x6-7 : however, the source could have given a better explanation of (topic) if it had mentioned other key facts.
One fact the source fails to mention is…this was a reason for/an impact of…because…

Question 20

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
Content 1

Answer 20

•”New Jewish entrepreneurs saw an opportunity to set up business manufacturing a wide range of clothing including the cloth cap”
• Jews were ambitious
•Jewish immigrants became established in the tailoring trade by producing affordable, quality clothing

Question 21

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
Content 2

Answer 21

•”much of the Jewish community remained trapped in poverty and had to depend on funds from the Jewish boards of guardians for relief”
• Poverty was a reason for varying experiences
•not all Jewish community in Scotland was wealthy and many had to depend on help from the board of guardians

Question 22

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
Content 3

Answer 22

•”opportunities offered the Scottish education system, allowed young Jews to improve their life chances”
•Ambitious
•scottish education system allowed immigrants to gain an education resulting in more job opportunities and careers

Question 23

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
Content 4

Answer 23

•”Many attended edinburgh and Glasgow university, medicine being the most popular career choice, offering status and income for many Scottish Jews
•Many Jewish immigrants worked hard at school to go to university with many entering established professions

Question 24

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
omission 2

Answer 24

> Italians generally tended to assimilate well due to a lack of conflict with native Scots as they were not seen as a threat to Scottish jobs or wages like Lithuanians were.
their long working hours due to these popular cafes also meant they did not often integrate with native Scots,

Question 25

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
Omission 3

Answer 25

> Catholic Irish immigrants initially assimilated well, changing their surnames to be more Scottish, and often marrying native Scots or changing religion.
This made it more difficult for them to successfully assimilate in Scotland as it meant that their communities were kept more insular and therefore did not mix often with native Scots

Question 26

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
omission 4

Answer 26

> Italians were mostly welcomed by Scots due to the popularity of their cafes
These positive reactions therefore made it easier for Italians to settle in Scotland due to the lack of significant prejudice against them.

Question 27

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
omission 5

Answer 27

> Jews experienced some anti-Semitism upon their arrival in Scotland, and they could be discriminated against if they had a Jewish last name.
the anti-Semitism they experienced was nothing like what they had fled from in Eastern Europe

Question 28

How fully does source C explain the experience of immigrants in Scotland
omission 6

Answer 28

> Upon migrating to Scotland, Lithuanians often faced negative reactions from Scots, especially those who worked in the mines alongside Lithuanians.
This led to suspicion of Lithuanians and a contempt for them from native miners who felt they couldn’t fight for better wages and working conditions as a result.

Question 29

How fully does source A explain the reasons for migration of scots
Content 1

Answer 29

> “The inhabitants were in a state of absolute starvation due to the potato blight, a judgement later confirmed by the relief officials who considered the island to be one of the most distressed in the Hebrides”
The potato famine led to a mass starvation across the western isles and was a reason for many emigrating

Question 30

How fully does source A explain the reasons for migration of scots
content 2

Answer 30

> “The population of the island has been rising between 1801 and 1841, this increase was unsustainable for a small island, even if the famine had not taken place”
A growing population led to an increasing pressure on already scarce resources forcing many to emigrate

Question 31

How fully does source A explain the reasons for migration of scots
content 3

Answer 31

> “A further root cause of the growing numbers was the reckless subdivision of land into crofts”
subdivision of land made it extremely difficult for crofters to make a living and support their family resulting in many emigrating.

Question 32

How fully does source A explain the reasons for migration of scots
content 4