Migration Analysis Flashcards
permanent change of residence that requires crossing an administrative boundary from place of origin to place of destination
Migration
the ratio of migrants to the total mid-year population during a given period expressed per
1,000 population
Rate of migration (assumed) = Population growth rate of municipality/city/province – national population growth rate
Migration Rate
Most migrants travel sort distance and with increasing distance the number of migrants decrease. This law is based on the assumption that the higher travel cost and lack of knowledge of more distant places acts against large volumes of migration
Ravenstein’S Law of Migration (1834)
occurs in stages and with a wave-like motion. Base on his observations the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries that migration occurred in steps with people gradually moving up the settlement hierarchy-from rural areas to villages, to towns, to cities, and finally the capital city.
Migration
Most migration are_______. Families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.
adult
are more migratory than men within their country of birth but men more frequently venture beyond it.
Women
are likely to move than their rural counterparts
Urban dwellers
Migration proceeds in response to urban-rural differences is expected rather than actual earnings
Todaro’s migration model (1960’s) – economic theory
Migrants as decision-makers consider the various labour market opportunities available to them as between, the rual and urban sectors, and choose the one which maximixes their ____________ gain from migration.
“expected”
(a) the difference in real incomes between rural and urban job opportunities
(b) probability of a new migrant obtaining an urban job
Expected gains
Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent.
Internal Migration
Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent
External Migration
Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England).
Emigration
Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America).
Immigration
When a government forces a large group of people out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion; also known as an involuntary or forced migration.
Population Transfer
Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare, political problems, or religious persecution.
Impelled Migration (also called “reluctant” or “imposed” migration)
A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a person’s place of origin to final destination—such as moving from a farm, to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
Step Migration
A series of migrations within a family or defined group of people; which often begins with one family member who sends money to bring other family members to the new location. Chain migration results in migration fields—the clustering of people from a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns.
Chain Migration
The voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin; also known as circular migration.
Return Migration
The process of moving for a period of time in response to labor or climate conditions (e.g., farm workers following crop harvests or working in cities off-season; “snowbirds” moving to the southern and southwestern United States during winter).
Seasonal Migration
Migration is__________, i.e. migrants are not random samples of the population at the origin.
selective
Migrants responding primarily to plus factors at destination tend to be__________, i.e. they are of a higher “quality’ (more educated, healthier, more ambitious, etc.) than the origin population at large.
“positively” selected
Migrants responding primarily to minus factors at origin tend to be
“negatively” selected
The degrees of “positive” selection increases with the difficulty of the
intervening variables
People move for a________They consider the advantages and disadvantages of staying versus moving, as well as factors such as distance, travel costs, travel time, modes of transportation, terrain, and cultural barriers.
variety of reasons.
Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a
food shortage, war, flood, etc.).
Push Factors
Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).
Pull Factors:
Several types of push and pull factors may influence people in their movements (sometimes at the same time), including:
- Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters)
- Political (e.g., war)
- Economic (e.g., work)
- Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)
