Migration

Question 1

Between 1870 and 1910

Answer 1

just over 1 million, 1/5 f the population, moved abroad. In 1980 the Swedish emigration rates were only passed by Norway and Ireland.

Question 2

Knut kwicksel

Answer 2

believed that the emigration solved issues like overpopulation and demographic pressures.

Question 3

Most emigrants emigrated from

Answer 3

the south and west of Sweden- the rate of emigration also varied and after the point of 1893 it decreased.

Question 4

Emigration partly linked to economy

Answer 4

during the years of the 1870s and 90s there was a period of economic strength and growth in the west of Europe while there were downswings in the US- contrarily in the 80s and early years of the 20th century there were periods of economic growth in the US and decrease in economic development in Europe.

Question 5

Women

Answer 5

were less sensitive to business fluctuations- their jobs such as being maid and sewing were less effected by the business growth and loss

Question 6

Majority of immigrants were

Answer 6

unmarried males and between 16 - 35 years of age

Question 7

Between 81 and 1910 the average yearly rates of immigration averaged

Answer 7

between 7 and 10 per thousand inhabitants that immigrated.

Question 8

Northern emigration

Answer 8

Took place much later due to the population rise in the south which forced them to move north. Also it was die to the decline in the saw mill and forestry industry.

Question 9

friends and relative factor

Answer 9

people from one Parish would leave one year and then the next year there would be friends from neighbouring parishes leaving.- easier to make a life changing decision in the company of friends. They could also contribute to travel costs by sending money home- 50% of people departing from gothenburg in the 80s were on prepaid tickets.

Question 10

investment decision

Answer 10

explaining why migrants were often of the age where they were not married

Question 11

the agricultural output also had an impact

Answer 11

higher animal output- which was the case in this period- was less demanding than that of grain production- hence why the demand for jobs went down and thus more people emigrated.

Question 12

Crops vs livestock increase factor

Answer 12

The number of cattle units per hectare increased by 16% - in addition, a large part of the the crops, increasing by 40% was oat production which was directed at feeding the animals

Question 13

Literature

Answer 13

Gustaf Unionius was an example of the effect of literature - when he returned to Sweden in 1958 he was keen to tell his story of the trials and tribulations that he faced and his memoires appearing in two parts were well received- this is coupled with the rise in literacy and the effects of the enlightenment period which saw people become aware of agency and the idea of travel

Question 14

Popular destination

Answer 14

Chicago- increasing numbers of families went there

Question 15

Ocean transportation

Answer 15

onsiderable factor in the rise in emigration- however the ease with which one could get there was not ideal- many people were squashed into small rooms and had to provide food for themselves.

Question 16

Homestead act 1862

Answer 16

anyone who had never bore arms against the USA could get up to 160 Acres of undeveloped land. This was a huge advert for immigrants.

Question 17

by the end of the civil war, what was the impact of the homestead act

Answer 17

nearly 10% of all govenrnment owned land was the property of new land owners- nearly 1.6million successful applications were approved by the end of the civil war.

Question 18

Final claim for land made

Answer 18

in 1988

Question 19

The gradual mechanisation of agriculture

Answer 19

led to the replacement of individual homesteads- therefore it can be said that industrialisation on both sides of the Atlantic were factors in increasing and decreasing their respective populations

Question 20

Military factor

Answer 20

conscription gradually became of more importance, especially since the quality of the Swedish military was wavering. It was illegal to immigrate in Sweden if eligible for conscription. this factor came in to play during the later years of te 19th century

Question 21

By 1894 conscription consideration permission slips

Answer 21

Were harder to obtain.
In addition to this compulsory military service was prolonged and this may have indeed increased desire amongst ex soldier to flee.

Question 22

Swedish emigration services/ agencies

Answer 22

struggled to rival those of Denmark- which to its geographical placement to Sweden indeed did lure emigrants with the idea that arriving to the United States was no longer half the battle. - Trondheim served as a major port for emigration.

Question 23

Notable brothers involved in the agency sector

Answer 23

Larsson brothers

Question 24

Shipping provider cooperation

Answer 24

cooperate so that business could be maintained- they decided on specific routes as not to take competition and they established a controlling body that regulated progress. - the effects of this were reduced ticket prices and increased rates of travel- meaning that more people were able to move.

Question 25

Main states where immigrants were based

Answer 25

Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and western Wisconsin formed the nucleus of the first Swedish settlements

Question 26

Largest organisations

Answer 26

the Lutheran Augustana Synod was by far the largest organisation in the USA. Nearly a quarter of all Swedes were members of a religious group

Question 27

Impact on structure for well being

Answer 27

hey founded colleges and hospitals and today a number of colleges can trace their origins back to Swedish immigrants- Bethal college in Minnesota North Park in Chicago to name a few.

Question 28

Newspapers

Answer 28

Between 600 and 1000 swedish language newspapers were published jn the United states- the Swedish American press was the second largest foreign language newspaper at one time in the early 20th century.

Question 29

In the 2000 US census

Answer 29

around 4 million people responded with Swedish as their ancestors- many of the Swedes in the states are now 3rd generation immigrants.

Question 30

Swedish in congress

Answer 30

nstrumental in fighting slavery- notable spokesperson about the role of the Swedes was Enander- who was an advocate for swedish romanticism too .

Question 31

The Vasa order of America

Answer 31

has helped set up health care for the elderly and helped to give scholarships to young students et.c