Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

As-Level Geography > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is migration?

A

The permanent movement of people and change of residence for more than one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is internal migration?

A

When someone moves within a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is out-migration?

A

The movement of internal migrants out of a region of a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is in-migration?

A

The movement of internal migrants into a region of a country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is net migration?

A

The balance of people moving into a region or country to moving out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the source area

A

The place the migrants have come from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are push factors?

A

Things people want to escape from in the source area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Things that attract the migrant to the destination area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is distance decay?

A

The number of migrants declines as the distance between country’s increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a migration stream?

A

Migrants sharing a common source area and destination area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is chain migration?

A

When a small number of people move to a area and they are followed by a larger number of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money sent home by the pioneer migrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is economic migration?

A

When people move for a better standard of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone who is seeking refuge from a life threatening situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a asylum seeker?

A

When someone who is a refugee reaches there final destination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is step migration?

A

When people move from a small settlement to a slightly bigger one until they live in a major conurbation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is intra-urban migration?

A

When someone moves within a urban area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some of the push factors that can affect migration?

A
  • Low wages,Poverty
  • Lack of job opportunities, only unskilled jobs available.
  • Lack of access to hospitals and schools
  • Conflict, war and political oppression.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pull factors?

A
  • High wages, improved standard of living
  • More job opportunities
  • Better amenities and services
  • Freedom from oppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are closing up costs?

A

Closing your affairs in the place of origin eg. Selling house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are opening up costs?

A

Fees for buying new property, legal costs, finding a new job, daily living.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some of the barriers to migration?

A
  • Closing/opening up costs
  • Transport
  • Distance
  • Human dangers
  • Government immigration laws
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some reasons for return for migrants?

A
  • They don’t like the culture
  • They only studying there
  • They miss their family
24
Q

What is the Todaro Model?

A

How a individuals income will change as they migrate from a rural to urban area in a LIC

25
What are the sections in the systems model?
* Inputs eg.push and pull factors * Processes eg. Decision making * outputs eg.distance moved and the destination * urban control system eg. Employment and leisure * Rural control sub-system eg. lack of land
26
What are some gender based factors affecting migration?
* Men have migrated and sent money back to their families * The women becomes head of the household in the place of origin * Many jobs available in industry and heavy manufacturing which is male orientated
27
What are the age based factors affecting migration?
* Traditionally young people have migrated because they have few family ties * Recently students have migrated to universities in HICs * Older people migrate for retirement to places with a better climate
28
Why is distance a factor which affects migration?
* Long journeys take more time and cost more money * It is harder to return to the point of origin if the migrant moves far from home * Better roads and cheaper air travel have made distance less of a factor
29
Why is internal migration more popular than international migration?
* All migration is affected by distance decay | * The migrant will be better informed about destinations in his own country-common language
30
What are some of the causes of rural-urban migration?
* Poverty, Low wages and hard and boring jobs in the rural areas * Population growth in the rural areas leads to underemployment * Mechanisation of farming
31
What are the impacts on the rural area of migration to the urban area?
* Young, skilled people leave- greater inefficiency in farming and more poverty * Remittances can be used to invest in farming-commercial farming * Effect the standard of living of the ones that remain until commercial farming happens
32
What are the impacts on the city from rural-urban migration?
* Increased pressure on services * Increased crime * Rapid growth of the city * Overcrowding
33
What direction are the migration streams going in Brazil?
Rural-Urban
34
Why was Brasilia built?
To move people away from the coastal cities
35
What have been the push factors of urban-rural migration in Andalucia?
* Pollution * Crime * Congestion * Racial tensions * Poor quality of life in areas of decline
36
What have been the pull factors of urban-rural migration in Andalucia?
* Housing is often cheaper * Cleaner environment * Lower crime rates * Better schools
37
State the 3 main causes of intra-urban migration
1) Changes in the individuals lifestyle 2) Changes to their employment 3) Changes to their affluence
38
What is international migration?
The movement of people across international frontiers from one country to another
39
What are the main factors that have driven recent international migration streams?
1) Population pressure in the source country 2) Economic differences between country’s so people move in search of a higher standard of living 3) War, natural disasters, lack of personal freedom and persecution
40
What is the Schengen Agreement?
Allows free movement of people living in the EU between member states
41
What is voluntary migration?
When migrants choose to move
42
What is forced migration?
When migrants have no alternative but to move
43
What is dependant migration?
When some family members have to move because other members of the family decide to move
44
Which groups of people have increasingly chosen to migrate?
* Students * Highly skilled workers * Women( half of all international migrants)
45
What was historically the biggest cause of forced migration?
Forced recruitment of labour eg. Slave trade
46
What are the main causes of forced migration today?
War and conflict
47
What are IDPs?
Internally displaced persons
48
Why has there been a blurred overlap between forced and voluntary migration recently?
Economic migrants have claimed to be refugees in order to get into HICs
49
What have been the causes of poor people moving from LICs to HICs?
* Population pressure in LICs and MICs | * The economic differences between LICs, MICs and HICs, these seem to be widening
50
What are the barriers to international migration?
* Cost * Distance * Limited information * Cultural differences * Immigration laws
51
What have been the social impacts of migration on the country of origin?
Positive:•Remaining workers are more productive •Birth rate decreases,reducing class size and pressure on health care Negative:•Older people become lonely • Death rates rise because of ageing population
52
What have been the Economic impacts of migration on the country of origin?
Positive:•Housing shortages maybe reduced •Farms become larger and more commercial Negative:• Loss of young adults from the workforce •Economic development slowed due to skilled workers leaving
53
What have been the Political impacts of migration on the country of origin?
Negative :•The government may have to adopt a pro natal policy •The government may try to discourage emigration
54
What have been the social and cultural impacts of migration on the country of destination?
Positive:•A multi ethnic society can lead to greater appreciation to other cultures •A different range of food becomes available to communities Negative:•ethnic ghettos can develop leading to racial tension •Schools have to teach kids how to speak the language aswell as teaching the native kids
55
What have been the economic impacts of migration on the country of destination?
Positive:•Migrants take the less desirable jobs | • skill shortages can be filled quick
56
What have been the political and cultural impacts of migration on the country of destination?
Positive:•The arts can be enhanced by immigrant culture eg music Negative:•Discrimination can occur •Anti immigration parties may get elected
57
What have been the environmental impacts of migration on the country of destination?
Negative:•can lead to more air and noise pollution

As-Level Geography (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions