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As-Level Geography > Changes In Rural Settlements > Flashcards

Changes In Rural Settlements Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rural environment

A

Population fewer than 10,000

Non built up areas eg. Village, hamlet

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2
Q

What is the urban environment

A

Built up area, population of 10,000 or more, three subgroups: major conurbation, minor conurbation and city and towns

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of urban areas

A 
Leisure facilities 
Hospitals
Shops
Schools
Stadia
Banks etc
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a rural area

A

Greenery
Lower housing density
Minor transport routes

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5
Q

What are the socio economic problems of rural areas in LICS and MICS?

A 
Unemployment and underemployment 
Population growth 
Rural urban migration 
Low capital investment 
Human diseases
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6
Q

What are the service and infrastructure problems in the rural areas of LICS and HICS

A 
Clean piped water
Sewerage 
Electricity 
Tarred Roads
Clinics and schools
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7
Q

What are the agricultural problems in rural areas of LICS and MICs?

A 
Soil exhaustion 
Drought 
Floods 
Tropical cyclones
Pests 
Diseases
Increased use of biofuels (decrease in food supply and rise in food prices) 
Social change
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8
Q

What are the factors which influence the development of rural settlements in LICS, MICS and HICS?

A 
Agriculture-dispersed, nucleared
Mining- nucleated 
Tourism-costal areas or areas of beauty 
Fishing- nucleated around coastal areas 
Defence- nucleated 
Altitude- sparse population in highlands
Gradient-specific types of agriculture eg steep slopes-pastoral
Aspect-north facing slopes are colder in northern hemisphere  
soils- alluvial soils are fertile 
Water supply
Drainage and flooding 
Accessibility
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9
Q

What are the factors which influenced growth in rural areas

A

Site: the land the settlement in built on eg. Altitude, gradient, aspect and location of natural resources
Situation: position in relation to the surroundings area such as transport routes

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10
Q

What are the factors which influenced decline in rural areas

A

Industrial revolution: took place much earlier that LICS

Decline of primary sector employment: more people are moving to the urban area for work

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11
Q

What are the problems caused by the decline of rural settlements

A
  • Services close because of fewer people which means even more people leave the area
  • Ageing population
  • disrepair of dwellings
  • villages become dominant
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12
Q

What is the clokes model of urban rural continuum structure

A
  • Shows how the land use might change with distance from the city
  • declining villages in countryside and overspill towns in the urban fringe
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13
Q

What is the rural urban fringe?

A
  • Land use is influenced by easy access for urban residents to the countryside
  • farm land may be used for market gardening, ‘pick your own’ farms.
  • golf course and country parks are found here
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14
Q

What is the aim of redevelopment of the rural area?

A

It is trying to pull people back to the rural areas which are within commuting range- places with the best transport links will grow more quickly

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15
Q

What are effects of counter urbanisation

A

More people commuting
More elderly in rural areas
Second home owners (means that village services close down, bus and train services close, no village community, house prices rise so young people have to move out
Skilled people able to work from home

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16
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities

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17
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration

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18
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

The spread of the city buildings and houses into a area that used to be countryside

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19
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

When people move out of the urban area into the rural areas

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20
Q

What is urban renewal?

A

The redevelopment of rundown urban areas

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21
Q

What is reurbanisation?

A

The movement of people and economic activities back into the central areas of a city

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22
Q

What are millionaire cites?

A

Cities with a population over 1 million

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23
Q

What are mega cities

A

Cities with a population over 10 million

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24
Q

What are conurbations?

A

Conurbations are multiple settlements that have expanded to become one big settlement

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25
When did urbanisation take place in the uk?
Over 200 years ago because of the industrial revolution needed a labour force in the city
26
When and why did urbanisation take place in LICs?
1950s because of better job opportunity’s in the urban areas(because of TNCs), better services
27
What are the problems with urbanisation
Overcrowding Homelessness Pollution Congestion
28
What is being done in LICS to combat the impacts of urbanisation
Site and service schemes: land is provided with water and electricity and people built there own homes Self help schemes: given ownership of the land and make improvements on there property
29
What is suburbanisation?
The outward growth of urban development which may engulf surrounding villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration
30
What is the other definition for suburbanisation?
The process of people, shops and factories moving out from the CBD into the suburbs
31
What is urban sprawl?
The spread of a urban area into a area that used to be countryside
32
What is ribbon development?
Where urban growth takes place alongside main roads
33
What are nodal points
They are where natural routes meet eg. Valleys
34
What are entrepôts
Big ports- without traders paying tax
35
What is the hinterland?
A large area linked to the port where goods are imported
36
What is municipal housing?
Housing owned by the government
37
What are green belts
A area of rural countryside around a urban area
38
What are the problems of suburbanisation?
1) high levels of segregation- middle classes in the suburbs while lower classes in the inner city 2) social facilities have a high cost 3) public transport has high costs 4) high dependency of cars which has environmental issues 5) rural life is lost
39
What are the causes of suburbanisation?
1) House hunters have been priced out of the expensive areas in the centre 2) businesses have relocated to the suburbs because of cheaper land
40
What are the solutions to urban sprawl
1) tax incentives encourage people to take in lodgers to share their homes 2) building in rural villages could encourage counter-urbanisation 3) high density housing could be built in brownfield sites
41
What is urban renewal?
The redevelopment of run down urban areas bringing about improvements
42
What are the three types of urban regeneration
1) property led- taken on by government, no involvement of the public 2) partnership: government takes main role but local councils and private developers help 3) private initiatives: private developers buy a property and redevelop it
43
What are the area that re-urbanisation affects?
CBD Inner city residential Inner city industrial
44
What three activities compete for land in urban areas?
Businesses Retail Residential
45
What are the effects of competition?
1) Derelict sites- space not used effectively 2) Formation of social ghettos 3) Poorer people can’t compete with businesses and are forced out
46
What is a world cites
A city that has a economic, cultural and political significance beyond its own country
47
What are the key factors in the growth of world cities?
1) the development of TNCs | 2) the communications revolution
48
What is the service value of a city to a firm?
How important the offices in that city are to the company
49
How does the total service value add up to make a hierarchy?
All the scores for all the firms in the city are added up to provide a total score for the city and that is ranked against other cites
50
What is the bid rent theory?
1) land would be taken by the land use that could afford the highest rent 2) land values decrease from the city centre 3) shops and offices would be able to afford highest rents followed by industry and residents
51
What is gradient analysis?
Measuring the changes in land values and population density from the city centre outwards
52
What do LIC cities tend to show in gradient analysis?
1) a steady rise over time in the central population density | 2) increasing density as the city moves outwards
53
What do HIC cities tend to show in gradient analysis?
1) population density gradient reduces as the city moves outwards 2) the zone of maximum population density moves outwards 3) population density in inner city residential zones increases then decreases
54
What are the requirements of the burgess model?
* No physical differences in geography * Free competition for space * Development going outwards from core * Free access to transport in all directions
55
What are the principles of the Hoyt model?
* industry develops along major routeways * manufacturing industry and high class residential areas are never next to each other * when areas of land use become established they tend to continue to grow outwards in that area
56
What does the Harris and ullman model argue?
Cities have more than one growth point and certain activities tended to join together
57
What is the biggest difference between LIC/ MIC cities and HIC cites?
The high class residential areas are close to the centre and the low class residences are on the periphery-opposite to HICS
58
Where are the shops in a Latin American city?
Extending outwards from the CBD along a major transport route
59
Why are brownfield sites useful?
* green space doesn’t have to be used up * could be converted back in to green belt land * Close to transport links so new ones don’t have to be created * Rundown areas can be Gentrified
60
What type of land use do brownfield sites contain?
* Offices * Retail Parks * Recreation eg. Golf courses
61
What are some advantages of out of town shopping centres such as Fosse park
* Good transport links such as ring roads-A563 fosse Park * Cheap land so ability for big car parks and expansion * May relive pressure on CBD
62
What are the disadvantages of out of town shopping centres?
* Increased runoff and potential flooding * Degeneration of the CBD because less people is being spent in the CBD * May destroy habitats * increased pollution
63
What is a brownfield site?
An area already built on
64
What is a greenfield site?
A area not already built on
65
What is a retail park?
A area where many retailers are based together
66
What is a anchor store?
Major retailers which attract customers to retail parks
67
What are suburban CBDs?
Area in the suburbs which has its own CBD
68
Where was manufacturing at the time of the industrial revolution in HICS
Close to the centre of cities
69
Why were industries located in the centre?
* industry requiring imports and exports were at the heart of the city * industry was close to canals and railways * industry’s were located near to workers housing which was near the centre
70
Why have industries in the inner city closed down or moved?
* Multi-storey buildings were no longer suitable and single-storey buildings were more efficient * Sites were too small * Land Prices too high * The labour force had moved to the suburbs
71
What are the types of residential areas?
* High Density housing-usually found in the inner city because of the industrial revolution * Low density housing-usually more modern and away from the city centre * Apartments-multi-storey buildings, found in any part of the city * shanty houses- lack normal services such as electricity and water, associated with LICs suburbs
72
Why is the CBD a desirable place for services such as retailing, finance and business?
It is very accessible as many road converge there
73
Is the CBD a zone of constant change?
Yes
74
What is vertical zoning?
Different land uses are found on different floors of the CBD because there is limited space for separate buildings
75
What are the strategies which are being used to reduce congestion in the CBD
* Park and ride schemes eg.Birstall, Leicester * Tram network Eg. Nottingham * Multi-storey car parks
76
What is the zone of assimilation?
An area which increasingly develops in the CBD
77
What is the zone of discard?
An area which was part of the CBD but isn’t anymore
78
What are some factors which are leading to the decline in the CBD?
* Congestion reduces accessibility | * city centre seen as dirty and unsafe
79
What are the difficulties with shanty towns?
* the residents could be evicted at any time * Houses are not weatherproof-cold in winter * no proper sanitation and water supply leading to disease such as cholera * No refuse collection
80
What are the solutions to shanty towns?
* Low cost housing schemes * Self help schemes, providing the materials but not building the house * Provision of basic services eg piped water
81
Why is traffic congestion a problem in cities?
* Many cities were built before the need of roads * There are more cars * Commuting has resulted in more movement into cites
82
What have been the solutions to congestion?
* Integrated transport systems- bus and train routes are planned so they benefit the customers * Road- ring roads, park and ride schemes

As-Level Geography (2 decks)

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