Migration Flashcards
How are refugees protected by law
Too dangerous to return home, needs sanctuary.
Defined and protected in international law: The 1951 Refugee Convention
Should not be expelled or returned to situations where life and freedom would be under threat.
Asylum-seeker definition
a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.
If an asylum seeker is declared, not a refugee, they can be sent home
How many displaced 2014
around 60 Million in total
- 20m Refugees
- 40m Displaced within their nation
-15m of which we newly displaced
7 Migration Patterns
Hugely Important
Completely Normal
Usually Internal
Strong part of industrialisation - UK
Strong bias to young adults
Not New - UK USA
Not the poorest of the poor - must have the money to travel
Stat for internal displacement
740 million displace within nations
250 displaced internationally
Why is migration growing
Declining costs
More information
Globalisation
Does poverty drive migration
Partly poverty, but most migrants aren’t the poorest of the poor
What are the wage and productivity differentials
Location
Resources - mineral deposits
Physical Capital
Knowledge/Technology
Social and institutional capital - productivity - in developing nations people spend a lot of time getting basic things done
Demographic imbalances - age/ gender
As labour force decreases..
wages and GDP increases
4 benefits of migration for home communities
Higher wages abroad
Risk spreading
Remittance flows alongside cultural and information flows
Networks improve trade links and reduce costs for future migrants
Risk spreading
Send one family member will stabilise family income, when industry booms and crashes in your nation
Indian families will often marry into families from different industries to stabilise
What is income per Natural
• Counting the GDP of those who were born in the country vs income of those who migrated
Income per Natural Case Study
Income in Jamaica = $3,600
Income of Jamaicans = $6,500
235 million live in countries with differential between income per head and income per natural ≥ 20%
Migration is contributing massively to those who are born in the given nation
Why have remittances grown
Rapid growth over last dozen years
Partly illusory – we are measuring remittances more effectively
Does it boost home country income
o Usually not the poorest people who benefit – not the poorest who generate migrants – so middle class benefit
sparks investment in home country
Challenge of testing remittance effects
What comes first investment or migration - it could just be that families who invest in the economy are also the type to migrate
Do remittances reduce poverty/inequality?
Depends who migrates and remits
Should remittances be taxed
Why should they – it is private income?
Brain drain
The state can pay for the education and then not reap the benefits
Losing of talent - best in each field will migrate
Push Factors
conflict
economy
natural disasters and weather
water supply
Pull Factors
jobs
safer
higher wage
better sol
Positive factors of immigration on the source country?
less strain on resources
money is often sent back
Positive factors of immigration on the receiving country?
more independents
increased labour force
Brain gain- you haven’t paid for education
negative impacts on source countries of immigration?
labour shortage
highly skilled people emigrate
ageing population
