MDG & SDG

Question 1

How Many SDG

Answer 1

17 goals - 169 targets

Question 2

How Many Measurements

Answer 2

230 proposed data indicators

Question 3

Sumner and Tribe (2008) 3 visions of Development

Answer 3

1) Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation.
2) Development as a short to medium term outcome of desirable targets
3) Post-Modern critique

Question 4

Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 1) Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation.

Answer 4

i. Process of historic change
ii. Major societal shift/change in socioeconomic structures
- From agricultural to industrialised society
- Changes in the position of classes for example with respect to production (e.g. owners of capital & workers).
iii. Changes to ownership, organisation of production, technology, institutional structure, and laws.
iv. Good/bad change?
v. Development process can differ by society.

Question 5

Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 2) Development as a short to medium term outcome of desirable targets

Answer 5

a. Progressive change/performance assessment.
b. Development in terms of short/medium term goals which can be measured.
c. Appealing to policy makers: focus on outcomes
d. At a basic level, Global Goal setting fits under this category.

Question 6

Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 3) Post-Modern critique

Answer 6

a. Development as a discourse of modernity.
b. Value based on assets that South lacks.
c. South viewed as ‘inferior’.
d. Emphasis on alternative value systems

Question 7

How to assess whether there has been “change” or development?

Answer 7

• Usually requires statistics/data.
• What type of data?
• What indicators could capture development/change?
• How well can development be measured?

Question 8

How indicators changed since the 70s

Answer 8

• 1970-80s: Development is more about “satisfaction of basic needs” (e.g. Streeten) – food, shelter, public services & ability to reach these with income/employment.
• Development is a process of enlarging people’s choices and freedom, capability to achieve what person values (Sen).
• Emphasis moved to “Human Development”
• UNDP Human Development Report in 1990 – tracks progress in human development.

Question 9

Sen 5 Basic Freedoms

Answer 9

• Freedom for political participation/civil rights: free elections, freedom of speech.
• Economic opportunities: participate in trade and production, sell one’s labour and products at fair/competitive prices.
• Social opportunities: being healthy, access to health and education, gender equality.
• Openness of government, business, social trust.
• Protective security: law and order, social safety nets

Question 10

HDI

Answer 10

1990s
Components:
Economy – GNI per capita adjusted for purchasing power differences
Health – LE
Education - How many years of schooling 25-year-old adults have, how many years of schooling a child entering school today can expect to have.

Question 11

What are MDGs

Answer 11

• Set of targets to be met by 2015.
• Ideas developed at international conferences, led mainly by UN agencies.
• The UN Millennium Declaration was adopted in Sept 2000 and the goals in 2001.
• Reflects the Human Development perspective.
• A goal to raise aid from developed countries by 66% in real terms between 2000 and 2014.

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Question 12

MDG - Extreme poverty

Answer 12

• Halving extreme poverty achieved – 47% 1990 to 14% 2015

Question 13

MDG - Education Gender Equality stat

Answer 13

• In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys

Question 14

MDG - Education Gender Equality quote

Answer 14

o We now see gender equity in access to primary education, and for all we may not reach the goals of a two-thirds reduction in child mortality or a three-quarters reduction in maternal mortality, we have made dramatic strides. – Charles Kenny 2015

Question 15

MDG - Fight against Malaria

Answer 15

o Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality rate by 58 per cent.

Question 16

Which MDGs Lag?

Answer 16

• Too many children still denied primary education
• Child mortality target was not reached
• Maternal mortality rate

Question 17

Critique of MDGs

Answer 17

• Agenda created by developed countries without adequate consultation - “paternalistic”.
• Used as a “justification and framework for aid” (Kenny).
• Focus and funds diverted away from other potentially important areas.
• Indicators too narrow, e.g. what does enrolment rate tell us about achievement in school?
• MDGs ignore democracy, climate change, discrimination, vulnerability, risk…
• Should focus on pace towards goal, not being on track to meet an MDG (Fukuda-Parr).

Question 18

Critique of MDGs Quote

Answer 18

• Perhaps it matters less that the draft language around the global partnership to support development progress is weak: the perennial call for aid to reach 0.7 percent of rich-country output is the most robust element, but, sadly, it is even less plausible today than it was when it was included in the Millennium Declaration 14 years ago. – Charles Kenny (2015)

Question 19

How do SDGs differ from MDGs

Answer 19

Result of a more open consultation process than MDGs.
Broader than MDGs. Too broad/grand?
Universality

Question 20

How do SDGs differ Universality quote

Answer 20

o Where the MDGs were essentially about focusing aid on the poorest and most disadvantaged in a few narrow areas, the mantra has become that the new goals should be universal. Not just about poor people in poor countries but about everyone on the planet. -Charles Kenny (2015)

Question 21

MDGs Failures - Education Stat

Answer 21

Universal Primary was not met 91% in 2015, 83% in 2000

Question 22

MDGs Failures - Child Mortality Stat

Answer 22

fell short of the 2/3rds target

Question 23

MDGs Failure - Maternal Mortality Rate

Answer 23

Maternal Mortality ratio fell but nearly half - short of 2/3rds reduction target