MDG & SDG Flashcards
How Many SDG
17 goals - 169 targets
How Many Measurements
230 proposed data indicators
Sumner and Tribe (2008) 3 visions of Development
1) Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation.
2) Development as a short to medium term outcome of desirable targets
3) Post-Modern critique
Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 1) Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation.
i. Process of historic change
ii. Major societal shift/change in socioeconomic structures
- From agricultural to industrialised society
- Changes in the position of classes for example with respect to production (e.g. owners of capital & workers).
iii. Changes to ownership, organisation of production, technology, institutional structure, and laws.
iv. Good/bad change?
v. Development process can differ by society.
Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 2) Development as a short to medium term outcome of desirable targets
a. Progressive change/performance assessment.
b. Development in terms of short/medium term goals which can be measured.
c. Appealing to policy makers: focus on outcomes
d. At a basic level, Global Goal setting fits under this category.
Sumner and Tribe (2008) - 3) Post-Modern critique
a. Development as a discourse of modernity.
b. Value based on assets that South lacks.
c. South viewed as ‘inferior’.
d. Emphasis on alternative value systems
How to assess whether there has been “change” or development?
- Usually requires statistics/data.
- What type of data?
- What indicators could capture development/change?
- How well can development be measured?
How indicators changed since the 70s
- 1970-80s: Development is more about “satisfaction of basic needs” (e.g. Streeten) – food, shelter, public services & ability to reach these with income/employment.
- Development is a process of enlarging people’s choices and freedom, capability to achieve what person values (Sen).
- Emphasis moved to “Human Development”
- UNDP Human Development Report in 1990 – tracks progress in human development.
Sen 5 Basic Freedoms
- Freedom for political participation/civil rights: free elections, freedom of speech.
- Economic opportunities: participate in trade and production, sell one’s labour and products at fair/competitive prices.
- Social opportunities: being healthy, access to health and education, gender equality.
- Openness of government, business, social trust.
- Protective security: law and order, social safety nets
HDI
1990s
Components:
Economy – GNI per capita adjusted for purchasing power differences
Health – LE
Education - How many years of schooling 25-year-old adults have, how many years of schooling a child entering school today can expect to have.
What are MDGs
- Set of targets to be met by 2015.
- Ideas developed at international conferences, led mainly by UN agencies.
- The UN Millennium Declaration was adopted in Sept 2000 and the goals in 2001.
- Reflects the Human Development perspective.
- A goal to raise aid from developed countries by 66% in real terms between 2000 and 2014.
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
MDG - Extreme poverty
• Halving extreme poverty achieved – 47% 1990 to 14% 2015
MDG - Education Gender Equality stat
• In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys in 1990. Today, 103 girls are enrolled for every 100 boys
MDG - Education Gender Equality quote
o We now see gender equity in access to primary education, and for all we may not reach the goals of a two-thirds reduction in child mortality or a three-quarters reduction in maternal mortality, we have made dramatic strides. – Charles Kenny 2015
MDG - Fight against Malaria
o Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015, primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality rate by 58 per cent.
Which MDGs Lag?
- Too many children still denied primary education
- Child mortality target was not reached
- Maternal mortality rate
Critique of MDGs
- Agenda created by developed countries without adequate consultation - “paternalistic”.
- Used as a “justification and framework for aid” (Kenny).
- Focus and funds diverted away from other potentially important areas.
- Indicators too narrow, e.g. what does enrolment rate tell us about achievement in school?
- MDGs ignore democracy, climate change, discrimination, vulnerability, risk…
- Should focus on pace towards goal, not being on track to meet an MDG (Fukuda-Parr).
Critique of MDGs Quote
• Perhaps it matters less that the draft language around the global partnership to support development progress is weak: the perennial call for aid to reach 0.7 percent of rich-country output is the most robust element, but, sadly, it is even less plausible today than it was when it was included in the Millennium Declaration 14 years ago. – Charles Kenny (2015)
How do SDGs differ from MDGs
Result of a more open consultation process than MDGs.
Broader than MDGs. Too broad/grand?
Universality
How do SDGs differ Universality quote
o Where the MDGs were essentially about focusing aid on the poorest and most disadvantaged in a few narrow areas, the mantra has become that the new goals should be universal. Not just about poor people in poor countries but about everyone on the planet. -Charles Kenny (2015)
MDGs Failures - Education Stat
Universal Primary was not met 91% in 2015, 83% in 2000
MDGs Failures - Child Mortality Stat
fell short of the 2/3rds target
MDGs Failure - Maternal Mortality Rate
Maternal Mortality ratio fell but nearly half - short of 2/3rds reduction target
