Migration Flashcards
1
Q
What is migration
A
The movement of people to an area or country who stay there for 12 months or more.
2
Q
What is international migration
A
- the movement from one country/political state to another
3
Q
What is internal migration
A
- the movement of people within a country
4
Q
Push factors of migration
A
- low quality of life
- high unemployment rates
- war
- natural disasters
- poor services
5
Q
Pull factors of migration
A
- more job opportunities
- more services
- education
- higher quality of life
6
Q
What is chain migration
A
- the movement of people to an area that results in more people following
7
Q
Why might chain migration occur
A
- dispersing of families
- word of mouth
8
Q
What is stepped migration
A
- the gradual movement from origin to destination through multiple moves that climb up the settlement hierarchy
9
Q
What is illegal immigration
A
- migration that violates the law of the country being migrated to
- can refer to the movement into a country or staying in a country when no longer allowed
10
Q
What are some barriers along with migration
A
- limited access to transport
- dangerous routes
- crossing borders
- long application process (international migration)
11
Q
What is rural-urban migration
A
- the movement of people into urbanised areas
12
Q
A
13
Q
What are economical causes of rural-urban migration
A
- in search for higher incomes
- heavy agriculture dominant ( in rural areas) with low earnings
- better employment opportunities
14
Q
Social causes of rural-urban migration
A
- seek more diverse, culturally richer lifestyle
- public services are better in cities
15
Q
Impacts on rural areas from rural-urban migration
A
- remittances returned
- deforestation
- separated families
- underpopulation
- relaxed pressure on services
- high unemployment rate
16
Q
Impacts on city from rural-urban migration
A
- pressure on housing, water supply, services
- poor living conditions
- more pollution/landfill sites
- larger workforce
- quality of life may deteriorate
17
Q
What is urban-rural migration
A
- where people move away from cities into smaller town areas
18
Q
A
19
Q
What is counter-urbanisation
A
- where people move from the bigger cities into smaller ares such as towns
20
Q
Causes of urban-rural migration
A
- seek a better quality of life; less crime, overpopulation, pollution, high costs of living
- increased investments into rural areas; job opportunities
- better transport links to other places
21
Q
Impacts on the city from urban-rural migration
A
- taxes reduced; less money to tackle social and economic issues
- enters a downward spiral as only rich can leave
- decrease in wealthier older population could affect businesses
- potential economic decline
- unemployment
22
Q
Impacts on the rural are in urban-rural migration
A
- brings a larger workforce; contribute to economy & improve productivity
- increased pressure on services
- increased pressure on housing; house prices increase
- ageing population
23
Q
What is stepped migration
A
- the gradual movement from origin to destination through multiple moves that climb up the settlement hierachy
- occurs in LICs(Nigeria) & HICs (students leaving school)
24
Q
Why does stepped migration occur
A
- as migrants gain knowledge and experience in urban areas this gives them confidence allowing them to move up the settlement hierachy
25
What type of migration is common higher up the settlement hierachy
- urban-urban
26
What is intra-urban migration
- where people move within the same urban area
27
What do the economic benefits of living in a city provide migrants with
- wealth necessary to move to an even more urbanised area
28
The general trend for younger people in intra-urban migration
- tend to have lower incomes
- typically live in rented accommodation in inner city and industrial areas
29
The general trend for younger families in intra-urban migration
- move out of inner city; more space and safer lifestyle
- outer suburbs have cheaper housing; beneficial for young families on lower incomes
30
The general trend for older families in intra-urban migration
- those with adolescent children may move into more expensive housing as they progress professionally; higher income = higher quality housing
- generally closer to city centre
31
The general trends of those in retirement age in intra-urban migration
- often migrate again to higher cost housing
- in retirement villages or high cost housing
- away from suburbs
- affluent areas
32
What is the middle class cycle
33
What is the working class cylce
34
What does the Todaro model state
- a migrants decision can be explained with economic/costs benefits
- migrants willing to endure short financial difficulty for a better future
35
What does the systems model suggest
- migrants work through a flow chart to decide if migration is the bet thing to do
36
What does the Marxist theory suggest
- migration is the only option after the alienation of land
- labour migration will occur with the transition into capitalism
- local employers use migrants as bargaining power with local workers
37
How does gender affect migration
- men traditionally move to find work & return remittances
- woman have a higher status is many choose to migrate now (nursing)
38
How does age affect migration
