Migration Flashcards
What is immigration?
The number of people who enter the UK.
What is emigration?
The number of people who leave the UK.
What is net migration?
The difference between immigration and emigration over a period of time.
What is internal migration?
Movement within a country.
What is the dependancy ratio?
measure of the proportion of people in a population who are dependent on the working-age population.
What percentage of the UK population was from ethnic minority groups in 1991 and 2011 according to the census?
6% in 1991 and 14% in 2011.
What was the impact of the British Nationalities Act (1948)?
It made it easier for Commonwealth citizens to settle in the UK, leading to mass immigration.
How did EU expansion between 2004–2007 affect UK migration?
Free movement policies allowed more Europeans to migrate to the UK, increasing net migration.
How has net migration impacted society/
Death rates are down
Migration has increased
Migrants decreased average age of a country, tend to be young and of working age
Immigration lowers dependancy ratio
Increase in multi family households
How has fertility rate of foreign born mother affect dependancy ratio?
They have higher infant mortality rate the those born in uk
So more children born
Increasing dependancy ratio in short term
But will reach working age and so decrease the dependancy
How has legislation and boarder control increased migration? and an example
Some countries reduce their border controls to encourage higher levels of immigration
Eg. Australia points based system
if they need more teacher they will allocate more points to applicants who come from teaching background
How has emigration affected migration?
16th century - 1980s
Uk was net exporter of people
Emigration has now gone to USA, panda, Australia etc 1900
Mostly due to economics
What are reasons for people to leave a country?
War
Poverty
Lack of job opportunity
Oppressive Govs
What are reasons for people to enter a country?
Generous welfare state
Reputable education system
High standards of living
Job opportunities
Weather
How do positions manage immigration?
Assimilation
Multiculturalism
What is assimilation?
The belief that immigrants should adopt the norms and values of the host country.
What are criticisms of assimilation?
mmigrants may feel alienated or wish to retain cultural identity.
What is multiculturalism?
Encouraging immigrants to maintain their cultural identity within the host society.
What is shallow diversity? According to Eriksen
Cultural aspects that can co-exist peacefully, like food and music.
What is deep diversity?
Cultural practices that may conflict with or offend the host culture.
According to Eriksen, what are transnational identities?
Migrants identify with multiple countries rather than just one.
Why do migrants often feel more connected to global networks than their host country?
Due to globalisation and communication technology.
What example does Eriksen give about language and global connections?
Chinese migrants in Rome found Mandarin more useful than Italian due to international links.
How has migration become politicised in recent years?
Backlash against multiculturalism (e.g., post-2011)
Immigrants portrayed as “the enemy within”
Immigration linked to national security and terrorism
Influences political decisions (e.g., Brexit)
