migration Flashcards
1
Q
between what years was the medievel period
A
800 - 1500
2
Q
what were reasons for viking migration ?
A
raiding - came initially as raiders to search for treasure (789 first raid) , englands wealthy monastaries, long coastline and large settlements attracted them .
agriculture - soil in eastern england was rich and fertile unlike land in norway which was short supply. They believed they could succsesfully farm the land and live a good life .
trade - many english towns were important trading centres . vikings wanted to take over them for wealth .
religion - vikings believed their most important god odin , would reward their warriors after death is they succcessfully invaded eastern england.
3
Q
when did vikings settle in york
A
866
4
Q
what were viking migrants seen as
A
aliens
5
Q
what is christendom ?
A
all the countries where christianity is the main religion
6
Q
what was government like in medieval england
A
country was divided into kingdoms
kings had ultimate authority and were often advised by groups of the most powerfull men in the country
Money to run the kingdoms was raised by taxation based on land ownership. • Law and order were maintained by local communities who were responsible for preventing crime and catching criminals. • The lack of a central government meant that it was difficult to organise a defence against invaders.
7
Q
what was danelaw ?
A
This established that the Viking migrants now controlled a large part of England and ran it using their own laws.
8
Q
what were experiences of the vikings in the medieval period?
A
known for telling long stories called sagas
used their craft skills to set up a range of workshops for blacksmiths, workers and weavvers. bought and sold goods along the local anglo saxon townspeople.
. Some grew rich because of the trading links developed with Europe.
Relations became worse after the Danelaw was brought under Saxon control in 937.The Danes began raiding again and Viking settlers were sometimes attacked by Saxons. (st brice’s day massacre , king aethelred ordered the massacre of all danes in english territory as he thought they would team up with the english raiders )
some converted to christianity .
. Eventually, in 1016, Cnut became the first Danish king of England. Relations improved, at least partly because Cnut set up new earldoms, giving a few Saxon nobles very large areas of land.
9
Q
what were the impacts of vikings ?
A
Vikings in the Danelaw introduced Things, where members voted on laws. Things were also law courts and members agreed on a punishment for those they found guilty.
Viking raids led the Saxons to develop burhs (burgs) – fortified towns.
language- vikings spoke old norse, any place end in -by in old norse means farm., viking god helped form the name thor s day (thursday )
vikings divided a huge area of danelaw into three areas. remains today with yorkshire split into three ridings.
10
Q
what were reasons for norman migration to england in the medieval period?
A
The Normans, from Normandy in northern France, invaded England in 1066. Led by Duke William they wanted to conquer and rule England their way because:
• They believed William had been promised the English throne by both Edward the Confessor and Harold Godwinson. However, on Edward’s death, Harold became king.
• They received the support of the pope, who backed the invasion because of what he believed were broken promises.
• England’s wealth, fertile soil and trading links made it an attractive place to settle.
In 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman army defeated Harold Godwinson’s Saxon army. William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066. Norman nobles and merchants then migrated to England to gain land and to take advantage of the trade routes developed by the Saxons and the Vikings.
11
Q
what were experiences of the normans
A
After 1066 the Normans had to establish their control over England.
• Most Normans regularly experienced hostility and resentment from the Saxons. This was due partly to the cruelty with which the Norman army crushed rebellions in the West Country, East Anglia and the north of England. (harrying of the north ) . they burned crops ,destroyed seeds , killed livestock and burned saxon omes.
william introduced a murdrum fine - if a norman got killed and their murderer was not found within 5 days, the whole community had to pay a fine to the king
12
Q
what were the impacts of normans in medieval england ?
A
landscape - huge castles and cathedrals were built to show norman power replaced wooden churches churches with stone ones.
• The feudal system changed land ownership land ownership and obligations and duties between people in different levels of society.The king owed all the land He granted it to those who were loyal to him who granted to others who were loyal to them . This way everyone owed loyalty to the king and there was order.
Since the Church was so important in daily life, the clergy had more power and influence. • The number of monks and nuns increased 400% between 1066 and 1500. • Church organisation became more hierarchical, with parish priests at the bottom and archbishops at the top. This drew the English Church more firmly into Christendom. • Saxon bishops and archbishops were removed and replaced by Normans.
Forest Laws created royal forests where the king controlled who could hunt.
The Normans also introduced the ‘murdrum murdrum’ which was a fine paid by Saxons if a Norman was murdered and the culprit wasn’t found.
language - norman names such as robert, richard and william began to be used
13
Q
what were reasons for jewish migration to england in the medieval period?
A
Jews
William I’s plans for England involved spending a great deal of money, mainly on building castles and cathedrals. Christians did not generally lend money because, under Church rules, they were not allowed to charge interest. William turned to Jewish people in Normandy from whom he had previously borrowed money. Jews were allowed to charge interest on loans. A group of Jewish merchants decided to lend William the money he wanted. In 1070, invited by William, they arrived in London, and were given ‘special status’ as ‘the property of the king’. Their families soon followed and established a small community in the city.
14
Q
what were the experiences of jews like in the medieval period?
A
were given special status because they were usefull and funded the king. in a crisis , they could pay to shelter in a royal castle . to cover the cost, they increased interest rates .
Were wellrespected in local communities for many years because of the financial support they gave to small businesses.
Increasingly experienced anti-Semitism as people began to resent paying interest on loans. Interest rates were high to cover the taxes Jews had to pay.
1230 s - jews were expelled from towns
The 1275 Statute of Jewry made Jews wear a yellow armband. It also meant Jews were forbidden from charging interest on loans. Many Jews became desperately poor.
In 1290 - edward 1 ordered all jews to convert to christianity or leave forever. some converted but most refused and were shipped away as refugees.
15
Q
what were the impacts of jewish migrants ?
A
they lent money to local people to help get their businesses started.
brought new words such as kosher and synagogue
lent money to merchantsto expand their trading overseas. many also became merchants
the jewish community in york lent money to cistercian monks to build fountaint abbeys
Licoricia of Winchester,who has been described as ‘the mostimportant Jewish woman in medieval England’.Licoricia financed guilds and businesses in Winchester and also helped fund the building of Westminster Abbey.
funded the building of castles
16
Q
what are the names of the threee types of european migrants in the medieval period
A
weavers from the low countries
merchants of the hanseatic league (hansa merchants)
bankers from lombardy
17
Q
what were reasons for european migrants migrating to england
A
The Hundred Years’ War disrupted work and trade, especially in France. However, England was a stable country where workers with skills could do well.
The Black Death killed 30% to 40% of England’s population in the years 1348–51. As a result, there was plenty of both skilled and unskilled work available in England as well as the chance to set up new businesses.
Henry III wanted to replace Jewish moneylenders with Christians because anti-Semitic attitudes were becoming common. So he invited powerful Italian banking families to England. In the 1220s the Bardi and Ricciardi families moved to London to work as bankers under royal protection. they also heard of the success of the jewish money lendersso they moved to make profit aswell .
weavers were allowed by edward 11 to set up theirown guild and henry 111 invited them for money
enlgish sheeop made good wool
18
Q
what were the experiences of the european migrants in medieval england
A
Flemish weavers Flemish weavers had specialised skills that English weavers didn’t have. They were welcomed because they taught their skills to the English weavers and helped the cloth trade to flourish and employment to increase.
Hansa merchants Hansa merchants from Germany were given the right to trade in England by Edward I. They set up the Steelyard in London, from which they directed and controlled trade with the Hanseatic League and other parts of Europe. By the mid-1400s, German merchants controlled most of the English cloth industry. they established a base in central london (steelyard ) .In difficult times, the English people turned on migrants. For example, during the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, about 150 migrants were murdered and the Hansa Steelyard was burned down. Craft guilds regularly complained that ‘foreigners’ were taking work from them.
Lombardy bankers Lombardy bankers – from 1220 there were powerful Italian banking families working in London. They did well, especially after the expulsion of Jewish people in 1290 and even after Edward III stopped repaying their loans.
19
Q
what are the impacts that european migrants had on england
A
Weavers: Skilled weavers wove high-quality, fine woollen cloth that merchants exported to Europe, where it was in high demand. England’s economy changed from being based on raw materials (wool) to one based on manufactured goods (cloth). They made the cloth industry more profitabe. the black death casued huge labour shortage and migrants from the low countries helped get the economy back on track .
Merchants: Merchants traded goods in Europe, particularly with Hansa merchants. They grew rich and invested their money in banks and began to turn England into a key trading centre.
Bankers: Lombardy bankers in turn loaned money to finance trade and to help pay for buildings such as castles, warehouses and banks. They also lent money to monarchs for military campaigns e.g. edward 1st . They began to turn London into a financial hub. loans to edwards 11 helped fund english forces in the hundred years war .
20
Q
what were reasons why vikings settled in york
A
1 It was the centre of Anglo-Saxon government in the north and had the only mint in northern England.
2 It was surrounded by fertile land.
3 It had good trade routes inland and overseas.
4 Viking raiders often targeted York because of its wealth.
5 The Vikings conquered Northumbria, capturing York first in 866 and finally in 867.
21
Q
.How many people migrated to York
between 866-950
A
10,000 - 15,000
22
Q
what were the impacts of vikings in york
A
Skilled migrants worked on many different trades. There were, for example, clothworkers and woodturners, jewellery-makers and metalworkers, potters, blacksmiths and glassmakers.
Trade flourished. Merchants used the old Roman roads for moving goods inland. The River Ouse was the route to the North Sea and trade with European ports and cities.
Hundreds of houses and workshops were built, as well as warehouses and wharves along the river Ouse.
23
Q
what were ways that the vikings worked with teh saxons in york
A
they accepted christianity , Many Viking kings converted to Christianity and King Guthrum was buried in York minster.
The Vikings kept the stone Saxon church in York, later called York Minster; other churches were built in Viking settlements outside York.
Many coins minted in York had a Christian symbol on one side, linking trade with Christianity.
24
Q
how did government change in the early modern period
A
Parliament’s power became so strong,
that by 1642 the English Civil War
began. This war between Parliament
and the King was about who should
have a greater say in how the country
was governed.
Charles I was executed and the leader of
Parliament, Oliver Cromwell ruled
England as a republic. Following this,
the monarchy was restored under King
Charles II but Parliament had a much
bigger say in how the country was run.
In 1689, Parliament used their power to
invite Protestant nobles, Mary and
William of Orange from the Low
Countries to jointly rule England.
Parliament made William and Mary sign
The Bill of Rights which meant that the
monarchy was no longer allowed to pass
new laws without the agreement of
Parliament.
Protestant governments and monarchs
were more welcoming to migrants.
25
how did religion change in the early modern
There were many changes to religion. England had
been a Catholic country (the only Christian faith at
the time). However, some Christians known as
Protestants began to criticise the Catholic Church.
This led to a period of religious change known as
the Reformation (the word ‘reform’ means to
‘change’). Henry VIII made himself the head of the
Church in England instead of the Pope. Edward VI
officially made England a Protestant country.
The Reformation took place
across Europe but some Catholic
countries – supported by the
Pope, persecuted (punished)
Protestants for their new beliefs.
During the time of Edward and Elizabeth, England
became a place of safety Protestants fleeing
persecution. The migrants who came to England
were an example of ‘forced migration’ as staying
in their home country became a risk to their lives.
26
what were factors that brought about change in the early modern period
Religion
England became a Protestant country, free from the power of the pope. European Protestants, especially Huguenots, saw England as a place of safety. They brought wealth and new ideas to England.
economic and empire growth
In an era known as an Age of Exploration, England
developed more trading links with the rest of the
world. Monarchs such as Elizabeth I encouraged
sailors to find new lands in order to seek new
goods and trade. This put the sailors in contact
with new groups of people in places such as the
New World (America), India and West Africa.
In 1600, Elizabeth I issued a Charter (formal
written royal permission) to set up the East India
Company. It made trade links with countries
such as India.
In 1660, Charles II issued a Charter to set up a
trading company in West Africa. It began the
trade in gold, silver and more significantly,
slaves. This started the Slave Trade and by 1700,
Britain was a key slave trading nation.
Parliament passed laws that encouraged migrants to settle in England. New laws supported the growth of trade and set up trading companies. Jews, who had been expelled in 1290, were allowed to return by Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate.
27
what were reasons for huguenot migration
They were Protestants who left France in two main periods (1550– 72 and 1670–1710) because they were persecuted by the Catholic authorities. Edward VI allowed a French Protestant Church to be founded in London in 1550. Charles II offered them denizen status in 1681, which allowed migrants to live in England with certain rights.
• Many were skilled craftworkers. They wanted to set up businesses and trade, and many settled in areas where relatives had already become successful.
Many Huguenots arrived after an event called the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris in 1572. 10,000 French Protestants were killed and attacks on Protestants spread. Many Huguenot refugees began arriving in England in the 1570s.
In 1709 the Foreign Protestants Nationality Act allowed any
European Protestants full rights in Britain.
28
what were reasons for palatine migration
They were mostly Protestant farmers who left Germany in 1709 because of bad harvests, famine, poverty, and war.
They wanted a better life.
• Many were on their way to America, encouraged by the British-owned Carolina Company and funded by the British government.
• They were very poor and had few skills apart from farming and labouring.
The Foreign Protestants Nationality Act (1709)
allowed any European Protestant to live in England,
with full rights, as long as they swore loyalty to the
monarchy. The aim was to attract wealthy business
leaders and skilled people into England. By late
1709, a refugee camp, set up by the British
government, appeared on the outskirts of London
full of Palatine migrants.
29
what time period is the early modern period
1500 - 1700
30
what were reasons for jewish migration in the early modern period?
Some stayed after they were expelled by converting to Christianity or practising their Jewish faith in secret. However, by the 1650s, the hostility declined and Jews were allowed back into England.
the english economy was weak, allowing them to return would encourage successful jewish merchants to migrate
In 1650, England was a Protestant country and led by
Oliver Cromwell. Anti-Semitism (discrimination against
the Jews) had increased in Europe but Cromwell had
sympathy for them. Especially after he heard about the
massacre of 100,000 Jews in eastern Europe.
In 1655, a rabbi (Jewish religious leader) persuaded
Cromwell that Jews should be allowed back into England.
Cromwell met with important merchants, lawyers, and
religious leaders, told them how useful the Jews could be
to the economy.
Cromwell quietly passed a new law which allowed Jewish
people to return to England.
31
what were reasons for african migration in the early modern period
forced out of spain in 1568 as they were part of a rebellion against the spanish government.
some wanted to escape enslavement in countries such as portugal who were capturing them .
some who were enslaved were brought to england by their owners
slavery was illegal in england since william the conquerer
32
what were reasons for indian migration to england in the early modern period?
Queen Elizabeth I wanted to trade with India to
help the English economy. In 1600, she issued
a Charter to set up the East India Company.
By 1608, the first East India Company ships set
sail for India. Trading posts were set up which
connected Indian merchants with England.
As the East India Company grew, English
merchants, traders, as well as soldiers (the EIC
had its own army) were needed to live and
work in India. It was these people who made it
possible for Indians to eventually migrate to
England.
Some India women worked as Ayah
(nannies) or servants for English families
who moved to India. When the family
returned to England they invited their Indian
nannies and servants back to England.
Some Indian women married Englishmen in
India and then returned with them.
Some Indian men worked as lascars. Lascars
were Indian sailors who worked on the East
India Company trading ships. These men
sometimes came to London on board their
ship and never returned. Instead they found
work on the London Thames and saw a
better life in England.
33
what were reasons for romani gypsy migration in the early modern period?
Wars began in the Balkans, forcing
Romani Gypsies to move.
They faced discrimination in other
parts of Europe because of their
nomadic lifestyle.
They often told people in England
that they were on a ‘Religious
Pilgrimage’ to avoid conflict with
local people.
They believed they would be
welcomed in England.
Roma gypsies have traditionally
lived a nomadic lifestyle. This
means that they move around from
place to place rather than stay in
one ‘home’. Roma Gypsies tended
to travel around the Balkans in
southern & eastern Europe.
However, English governments
thought Roma Gypsies were
vagrants and beggars. Laws were
passed to make them stay in one
place. Roma gypsies ignored the
laws because their traditional
lifestyle made it difficult for them
to follow. Hundreds were hanged
as punishment. In the 1650s, the
government began transporting
Roma gypsies into slavery in
North America and the Caribbean.
34
what were some of the experiences of huguenots in the early modern period
It was easier for Huguenots to
settle in England as they were
Protestant.
Their range of skills meant they
could find work easily or set up
their own businesses.
Some were able to work with
friends or relatives who had
already settled in England.
Their skills included:
Working in finance
Spinning /weaving silk and wool
Manufacturing paper and glass
Metalworking such as making
knives and guns.
Woodcarving
Some Huguenots were desperately
poor and took to crime. But this
was no different to many other
poor English people at the time.
35
what were some experiences of palatine migrants in the early modern period?
Palatines were Protestant but struggled as they did not have the skills
that the Huguenots had or family/friends already in England. Some
found work unloading ships in Liverpool or joined the army but most
remained poor and desperate for work. Below are the reasons they
struggled to settle:
They were farmers who had worked in German vineyards
(producing wine). This type of work did not exist in England.
They thought the English government would help them move on to
America. By the time they arrived, the government were no longer
willing to help them.
The charity which they had at first received from the government
and the public stopped.
Poor harvests in the early 1700s meant that Palatine farm workers
were no longer needed and became unemployed.
3,000 Palatines were deported to Ireland in 1709
where they were promised more farm work. They were
wrong. The land they settled on was poor and they
struggled to grow food for their family.
They were hated by the Catholic Irish who had already
suffered under English rule. The Irish believed the
Palatines were deliberately sent to Ireland to make
Ireland more Protestant. 2/3rds came back to England.
A few, charitable Irish landowners welcomed the
Palatines.
Suffering and afraid, over 3,000 Palatines sailed to New
York (America) but many died on the voyage over.
36
what were the experiences of jewish migrants in the early modern period
By the 1650s, English people were more accepting of the Jews compared
with Medieval times. However, there was still Anti-Semitism:
Jews were forbidden to be lawyers, go to university or join the army.
Popular songs and plays (even by Shakespeare) described Jews as
thieves, beggars and greedy moneylenders, (shylock , a character in the shakespeare play the merchant of venice is portrayed as a greedy jewish moneylender)
poorer jews began to migrate from eastern europe and usually settled in their arrival ports. working as dockers , traders and pawnbrokers
jews often worked as bankers , doctors, merchants and jewellers as well as rabbi and kosher butchers .
More Jews joined the existing Jewish community in London and
Synagogues were built with the support of the London authorities. The
first was Bevis Marks Synagogue, which is still in use today.
Some Jews didn’t do well. By 1700, half of the 1,000 Jews in London
depended on charity from wealthier Jews.
37
what were some experiences of african migrants in in the early modern period
often worked as servants to the wealthy families .
it was fashionable for rich english people to have a black servant especially a child .
African people were an accepted part of
English society. Many became domestic
servants but others were sailors or craftsmen.
Some were paid as interpreters by merchants
hoping make their trade back in Africa more
successful.
In most cases, African migrants were paid the
same wages as anyone else doing the same
job. Some became wealthy and respected.
Examples of African Migrants
John Blanke was a much loved trumpeter for
Henry VIII in the royal household.
‘Mingo’ worked as a servant to a naval
officer called Sir William Batten. After his
death, Batten left his lighthouse and £20 a
year to Mingo.
38
what were some experiences of indian migrants in the early modern period ?
Lascars settled in ports
such as London,
Liverpool or Cardiff.
They worked as sailors
on other ships or
labourers at the docks.
they lived a life of hard labour
Some ayahs were sacked
after the children they
looked after grew up but
with useful skills, they
soon found jobs as an
servants or nannies.
Indian child servants were used in
the same way as African children. It
was a status symbol to have an
Indian child servant. It gave rich
families a link with other exciting &
exotic parts of the world.
39
what were the experiences of romani gypsies in the early modern period
Nomadic Roma Gypsy migrants
moved around towns and villages in
England. Sometimes they earned
money as casual farm workers or
provided entertainment at fairs
working as fortune tellers.
They were seen as vagrants –
homeless and unemployed beggars.
People also accused them of crimes
such as theft. There was a negative
view of gypsy migrants from the
general public and authorities.
In 1530, Henry VIII ordered
Gypsies to leave the country or be
imprisoned or departed.
Mary I and Elizabeth I said that
Gypsies could stay as long as they
stayed in the same place.
By the late 1500s, some Gypsies
were hanged as a punishment and
native English people could be
hanged for associating with
Gypsies.
In the 1650s, the government
began the forced transportation
of gypsies into slavery in America.
Despite this, more gypsies arrived
in England.
40
what impact did the huguenots have on england in the early modern period
The Cloth Trade: They were skilled silk weavers. They had new techniques
which they taught English weavers. Between1650-1700 there was a x20
increase in England’s silk production. High quality silk was exported to Europe.
By 1700, 50,000 people were employed by the silk weaving industry in London.
Fashion Industry: New fabrics such as silk were in demand by the wealthy who
made the fabric fashionable. Many clothing designers were Huguenots.
Manufacturing Industries: Huguenot ironworkers helped develop the steel
industry in Sheffield as well as the important paper making industry. By 1714
there were 200 paper mills in England. Huguenot paper was such high quality
that it was used to make the paper money used by the Bank of England.
Banking: The Bank of England was founded in 1694. 10% of its money was
provided by 123 wealthy Huguenots. The first director of the Bank of England
was a Huguenot – Sir James Houblon.
London as a Financial Centre: Huguenots set up business in London which
quickly became the financial centre of England.
41
what impact did jews have on england in the early modern period
Jews were welcomed back to England in
the hope they would help the economy.
They were not able to go to university or
become lawyers and so many became
involved in finance.
Influential Jewish families like the Hart
and Franks family were merchants who
dealt with diamonds but also had the
rights to supply the British army with
equipment. Their vast wealth meant
they lived in luxury. They provided
employment for maids, cooks, gardeners
and builders and many more.
42
what impact did the dutch migrants have in the early modern period
In the 1630s, Dutch engineers from the
Low Countries came to the Fens in the east
of England. They were invited by Charles I
to help drain the area of water.
For 20 years they dug ditches, built dams
and straightened rivers.
As a result 40,000 additional acres of land
had been turned into fertile farmland.
A local protest group known as the Fen
Tigers tried to stop the drainage work by
smashing dams or breaking pumps. They
complained that local people could no
longer fish or collect reeds for housing.
Landscape: Dams, windmills and straight
rivers changed how the environment looked.
Farming: The land which had been drained
was some of the most fertile in the country.
Cattle and sheep could now graze and geese
were introduced to provide eggs, meat and
feathers which were used to make quill pens.
Crops: Coleseed (a bright yellow flower) was
crushed to make oil for lamps and the seeds
were used to feed sheep. Hemp was planted
to make ropes and flax for making linen.
New Lakes: Lakes were created and filled with
fish such as pike eaten by wealthy Londoners.
43
how did migrants in teh early modern period have an impact on culture
fashion :
silk and other new favrics were used to design and make fashionable clothes for rich people
art :
artists such as holbein(who was famous for his portraits of Henry VIII wives.) ,van dyck and lely came from germany and the netherlands to paint royalty and other rich people. their paitings were admired and gradually merchants and bankers wanterd their portraits painted aswell
writing + printing :
polydore vergil was born in italy and migrated to england ,spending most of his life in london he was one of the first people to write a book about english history and influenced william shakespeare
Before 1500 books were hand written by monks
and expensive. The Church controlled which
books were written.
After 1500, the printing press came to England.
There were 5 printers in London and all owned by
Europeans. Many European migrants ran the
printing press and were responsible for the
spread of news, new religious ideas & medicine.
44
who were the flemish weavers
An area of the Low Countries was called Flanders. The people from there were known as Flemish. They were Protestant migrants who came to England for safety from religious persecution.
45
why did the flemish weavers migrate to sandwich
1561 - declining prosperity in sandwich , officials in the town got permission from elizabeth 1's council to invite the weavers to sandwich . they were to work only in the weaving or fishing industry.
The Flemish were happy to migrate to England to escape religious persecution from the Catholic authorities there.
Some Flemish workers lied about being weavers just to get to England.
46
what were the experiences of flemish weavers in sandwich
they were given st peters church so they could worship in their own way .
In 1561, 25 Flemish families arrived and set up textile workshops within their own homes in the town.
They built their own Flemish styled homes with large windows to make use of the natural sunlight for their work.
Flemish weavers were successful and
made a lot of money from their high
quality cloth. They used wool given to
them by local sheep farmers to spin
broadcloth, an expensive luxury item.
They helping the town prosper.
They held two markets every week to sell
their goods.
The markets attracted many visitors,
traders and merchants to Sandwich.
47
what were negative experiences of the flemish weavers in sandwhich
However, some locals became worried about the
‘strangers’ ‘taking their jobs’ and complained to the town
authorities. The authorities needed to please the English
but also knew the value of the Flemish migrants. The
town authorities responded and by 1582, 45 Flemish
families left Sandwich to find opportunities in London.
1560s: When some Flemish families began to open up
their own tailoring businesses they were told that they
could only employ Englishmen.
1569: The Flemish were not allowed to take jobs as
builders or carpenters unless Englishman had refused
the work first.
1581: The town told the Flemish they could only work
in the cloth industry or fishing.
48
what were the impacts of the flemish weavers in sandwich
By 1568 a third of the
population of Sandwich
were European
migrants.
By 1582 over 1,600
Flemish migrants lived
in Sandwich – half the
population
The Flemish were given
the use of the local
church to worship in.
They introduced new
crops such as celery
and carrots
The weavers built more
homes styled like the
ones from their home
country using highly
decorative stonework.
In 1572, Elizabeth I
visited the town as part
of local celebrations of
the town’s success.
49
who were the walloons
The Walloons were another group of Protestant migrants from the Low Countries. They arrived in England at the same
time as the Flemish and also migrated to the county of Kent. some were previously working in sandwich before moving to canterbury
50
why did walloon weavers migrate to canterbury
Canterbury’s economy was suffering. The famous Canterbury
Cathedral had once attracted many Catholic tourists/visitors
who came as pilgrims. However, the country was now
Protestant and Catholics felt less supported.
The town authorities saw how successful the Flemish
weavers had been in Sandwich and so also asked Elizabeth I
for permission to invite migrants into the town.
The government agreed and the Walloon migrants were
invited over.
They too, had skills in the cloth industry and wool and cloth
was becoming England’s most profitable industry with much
of it being exported abroad.
Like the Flemish weavers, they had faced persecution from
the Catholics in their homeland and saw the invite to England
as an opportunity for safety but also to have a better life.
51
what were the experiences of walloon weavers in canterbury
750 Walloons lived in 100 empty, small homes in the city.
They were allowed to use a disused monastery as their
church as well as a school for their children.
The Walloon community supported each other making sure
those who struggled with food and clothing were helped.
They aimed to keep the quality of their cloth high.
They set up their own system of fines to punish anyone in
their community who they felt were not sticking to the
regulations about the quality or the amount of cloth
produced.
The Walloons set up their own market to sell their
high quality cloth. Their markets became the heart
of the community and a place where they would
make and sell their goods to local people as well as
visitors and traders.
By 1600, 800 looms (the machine used to weave
the cloth) were spinning fine cloth and silks around
Canterbury.
Their cloth making created jobs in the city for other
Walloon migrants and many locals, especially
women and children in the city.
The Walloon community worked closely with the
local town authorities and the economy of
Canterbury boomed.
52
what were attitudes towards the walloon weavers like
The Walloon migrants were given the freedom to develop
their own trades such as silk dying, sugar refining and
diamond cutting – jobs that had not existed in Canterbury
before. This meant they were not in competition with the
trades and jobs of local people.
These new businesses offered even more job
opportunities to local people.
The attitude towards the Walloon traders was positive
with far fewer people worrying about losing jobs to the
migrants. They were accepted as part of the city.
By 1588, they were also respected as they helped prepare
defences against a Spanish invasion around the city.
53
what were the impacts of walloon weavers
By 1582 there were 1,600 Walloons in Canterbury,
this grew to 3,000 by 1595 - a third of the
population.
So many Walloons joined the Walloon Church that
eventually they were given permission to use part
of Canterbury Cathedral. Known as the ‘French
Church’, a church service still takes place today.
The Walloon population continued to grow and
help Canterbury prosper. By 1676, there were over
1,000 looms employing 2,700 migrants and local
people.
54
where did many huguenots in the early modern period migrate to and what were the conditions there like
soho
mainly spitalfields
In Spitalfields, food and housing were
cheap and there were fewer rules
about the jobs and businesses that
Huguenots could do.
This gave the Huguenots more freedom
to experiment with the type of goods
they wanted to produce.
55
what support did huguenots in spitalfields recieve
Huguenots arrived in England in two waves.
First in the 1570s and then in the 1670s.
King Charles II: Gave them denizen
status (equal rights in England).
William III then gave them his official
royal support. He wanted more
Huguenots in England as they were
Protestants. He believed more
Protestants in England would stop any
Catholic revolts. He also believed that
the skills of the Huguenots would help
the economy – especially as he needed
money to help his war with France
(where the Huguenots came from)
Some Huguenots were highly skilled
weavers and quite wealthy already.
Others who came to escape religious
persecution tended to be poorer and
needed more support on their arrival.
William III created a Relief
Committee. This raised over £64,000
(£3.5 million today) to help Huguenot
settlement.
William and Mary also donated their
own money to help.
56
what were the experiences of huguenots in spitalfields
With support, the Huguenots prospered. They built new, larger houses which also became used as their workshops.
Wealthier Huguenots became powerful and controlled the silk industry from London.
As many Londoners were traditionally anti-Catholic, they supported the Huguenots.
Londoners also had sympathy for the Huguenots who had fled Catholic persecution.
Londoners respected the skills of the Huguenots, especially as they were happy to teach and share their skills with the English.
Local people could see the wealth and prosperity that the Huguenots were bringing to their area which everyone could
share in.
As the Huguenots were Protestant, the
local community was more willing to
accept them and they became part of the
local community. Their church going habits
and their Protestant work-ethic made
them respected.
The Huguenot churches also allowed the
migrants to keep their own identity such
as in language, clothes, food and culture.
The Huguenot churches provided help to
poorer Huguenot migrants arriving in
England.
57
what was church and religion like for huguenots in spitalfields
In 1550, Edward VI signed a Charter which
allowed the ‘Church of Strangers’ to be built
in London. It gave the Huguenots a place to
worship and be accepted into the
community. It also attracted more Huguenots
to London in the 1680s.
Huguenots migrants were attracted to Soho
and Spitalfields as they could live with ‘their
own’ people who had similar traditions,
language and religious beliefs.
By 1700, nine Huguenot churches were built
in Spitalfields and the Huguenot churches
became the centre of life for the Huguenot
migrants.
58
what were the impacts of huguenots in spitalfields
Spitalfields was nicknamed ‘weaver town’ and
the Huguenots transformed the area. Their
strong religious faith gave them a ‘duty’ to work
hard. This attitude later became known as the
‘Protestant work ethic’.
Many large workshops were established.
They employed hundreds of other workers.
Owners of these workshops became very
wealthy
They produced high quality silks and velvets
which gave them respect and status.
Much of the silk was exported abroad and
made huge profits for the industry.
Between 1650 – 1700 there was a
twenty-fold increase in silk production
–mostly from Spitalfields.
59
how did the economy and industry change in the industrial period
Before 1700, goods were hand made in small workshops and in people’s homes. Machines were powered by water, animals or hand.
After 1700 there was an Industrial Revolution. Goods were made in factories in rapidly growing towns and cities and these factories needed plenty of workers. Britain was known as the ‘workshop of the world’.
Goods were mass produced by huge steam powered machines which ran 24 hours a day. The production of goods became quicker and cheaper.
By 1850, Britain’s factories produced two-thirds of the world’s cotton cloth.
Goods were exported abroad and Britain’s economy boomed.
60
how did religion change in the industrial period
Before 1700, there had been ongoing conflict between Catholics and Protestants across Europe.
By 1700, Britain stayed a Protestant country . This made Britain a stable country.
Religion became less important with only 40% of people regularly going to church. However, religion was used by some politicians who wanted to end the slave trade and improve living conditions in England.
Jews were now allowed to become MPs and most limits on what Jews could do were lifted.
The 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act gave Catholics the same rights as Protestants. This encouraged more Irish people, who were mostly Catholic, to migrate to Britain.
61
what years make up the industrial period
1700 - 1900
62
how did ideas around science change in the industrial period
Before 1700, people believed that God had the power
for what happened on earth. However, after 1700,
more people used science to explain the world around
them.
For example, Charles Darwin wrote about how
humans evolved from animals - rather than being a
creation of God.
His theory of the ‘Survival of the Fittest’ argued that
only stronger species survived over time.
Some people wrongly used his theory to suggest that
certain races of people were superior (better) than
others.
Some racists used this idea to justify their ideas that
Britain had a right to conquer places like Africa and
support the Slave Trade.
Racism became a bigger issue in this time.
63
how did population and urbanisation change in the industrial period
In 1700, 85% of people lived and worked
in the countryside with towns being small
and few.
By 1900, 85% lived in urban areas
(towns and cities). People migrated
from the countryside to gain
employment in the new factories in the
towns. This movement is known as
urbanisation.
Industrial towns such as Birmingham,
Leeds and Manchester grew. The
urban population grew from 5 million in
1700 to 32 million by 1900.
New docks and ports were built in
Liverpool, London, Cardiff and Bristol.
The population grew from roughly 10
million people in 1700 to 40 million
people by 1900. This was due to better
health care and more availability of
food.
64
how did parliament change in the industrial period
In Medieval England, the monarch
controlled the country. By 1500,
monarchs shared their power with
parliament and it was rare for anyone
to challenge their rule. In 1700, only 5%
of the population could vote. By 1900,
more people gradually began to have a
say in how the country was run.
In 1819, 80,000 people gathered in
Manchester to demand having the
vote. The peaceful protest was met
with violence from the authorities
and 18 people were killed. Those in
power still did not like the idea of
ordinary people having a say.
In 1832 parliament passed the Great
Reform Act. This gave the vote to
some middle class men for the first
time (but still no working class men or
any women).
As the government made more
reforms (changes) to society, Britain
seemed more attractive to migrants.
65
how did transport change in the industrial period
Before 1700, transport was slow.
People walked, used horse and carriage
or small boats.
Railways became possible with the
invention of the steam engine. By
1900, railways covered the whole
country and carried goods as well as
people.
Steam powered ships linked Britain to
its empire as far as Canada and
Australia. They were much quicker
and safer.
Canals, railways and roads allowed
people to travel around the country
quickly. People could now easily
move to live in busy towns and cities.
Quicker transport led to easy
communication. In 1840, the ‘Penny
Post’ allowed anyone to send a letter
anywhere - for just one penny.
66
how did peoples attitudes towards migrants change in the industrial period
Before the 1700s, politicians rarely helped or got
involved in the lives of ‘ordinary’ people. They
believed that people lived in poverty because of
their own bad choices – it was their fault.
After 1700, some politicians wanted to reform
(change) and improve working conditions and
education for the poor.
Attitudes to migration changed. People
supported ‘white’ migrants who helped the
local economy. However, there was prejudice
with people worried about jobs. Migrants who
had a different culture, religion or skin colour
were treated with more suspicion and referred
to as ‘alien’ or ‘foreign’.
67
what changes were there in europe in the industrial period
Events in Europe influenced what happened in
Britain and caused more migration.
The French Revolution (1789): Ordinary people
violently revolted against the French king and the
nobility. British politicians feared that the British
public might do the same to them. To stop
revolts, the government began helping working
class people more. This attracted migrants.
French Revolutionary Wars (1803-15): There
was war in Europe involving the French leader
Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon was finally
defeated by British and German forces at the
Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The fighting led to
the displacement of many people in Europe who
all looked for other places to live. Some were
attracted to live in Britain.
68
what changes were there for women in the industrial period
Before 1700, a woman’s life
centred around the home and
children. Poorer women
worked in small workshops or
farmed land. Husband’s then
took control of their wife’s
belongings and earnings.
By the 1700s, working class
women worked in factories
and gained more freedom.
There was a call for more
equal right for women in
work, voting and education.
The Married Women’s
Property Act (1870) allowed
women to control their own
earnings and their own
property after they had
married.
69
how did the british empire change in the industrial period
Before 1700, England had started to gain control over
America. By 1775 the American people gained
freedom from Britain after the American War of
Independence. However, Britain began expanding its
empire, colonising more countries across the globe.
The empire helped Britain’s economy with goods being
traded across the world. This gave an opportunity for
people from the colonies to migrate to Britain.
By 1800, Britain ruled one fifth of the world’s land
and a quarter of the world’s population.
In 1763 Canada became a British colony
In 1788 Australia became a British colony
In 1840 New Zealand became a British colony
In 1858 Britain took complete control of India
From 1881 Britain gained more land in Africa.
70
how did the slave trade change in the industrial period
The slave trade was at its height in the 1700s and
made many British merchants very rich and port
cities such as Liverpool and Bristol very prosperous.
By 1750, Britain sold more Africans into slavery than
any other country in Europe as part of the trade.
3.5 million Africans were transported across the
Atlantic to work in sugar and cotton fields in the
Caribbean and America.
71
what were reasons for irish migration in the industrial period
Industrialisation: From the 1700s,
migrants from Ireland found jobs in
England working as navvies. Navvies
were men who built railways, docks
and canals. A third of all navvies in
Britain were Irish.
Transport: The fair between Ireland
and Britain was cheap. This meant
that many Irish workers came to
Britain for seasonal work on British
farms. In 1841, nearly 60,000 Irish
workers, mainly men, came to Britain
to work on the harvest.
The Catholic Emancipation Act
(1829): England was officially a
Protestant country and had
previously limited the rights of
Catholics. This new law now gave
equal rights to Catholics in England.
High Food Prices: In Ireland, food prices
were high and there was often not enough
food – starvation for some. This was not
the case in England where food
production provided plenty.
Little Industrialisation: Belfast was
the only city in Ireland to
industrialise. The Irish saw the
Industrial Revolution in Britain and
saw more opportunities for work.
The Potato Famine (1845-1846): Potatoes
were the main food for the Irish poor. A
disease destroyed a third of the potato
crop in 1845 and the whole crop in 1846.
1 million died of starvation. 2 million were
forced to migrate to England.
High Food Prices: In Ireland, food prices
were high and there was often not enough
food – starvation for some. This was not
the case in England where food
production provided plenty.
Protestant Land Owners: British
landowners in Ireland charged high rents
and so many Irish Catholics lived in
poverty. Many Catholics believed they had
better opportunities to live and work
England where rents were lower.
72
what were reasons for jewish migration in the industrial period
By the 1800s, Britain’s Jewish community had grown to
65,000 and many Jews prospered. Restrictions on Jews also
ended. Despite some Anti-Semitism, the experience of Jews
improved. Britain became more attractive to Jews.
1833 - Jews allowed to serve on juries & become lawyers.
1856 - Jews could study at Cambridge University.
1860 - a Jew opened the first fish & chip shop in London.
Jewish Migration 1700-1880s
During in the 1880s, over 100,000 Jews arrived in Britain.
Many were fleeing religious and racial persecution in
Russia(pogroms) They were desperately poor, arrived with few
possessions. They only spoke Yiddish, the traditional
Jewish language. Most went to Jewish communities
which had already been established where they hoped to
find help and support.
73
what were reasons for african migration in the industrial period
After 1700, the growth of the Empire in Africa & the Slave Trade resulted in more African migration.
Britain was the largest slave trading nation in Europe transporting 3 million Africans. Many African people were forced to migrate to America, the Caribbean and also Britain. However, slavery was abolished in Britain in 1809.
Britain added 16 more African colonies to the
British Empire in the late 1800s. There was a
belief that Britain had a ‘right’ to colonise
Africa and even ‘convert’ African people to
Christianity. These racist beliefs caused more
negative attitudes towards African migrants.
The main causes of African migration were:
Rich African families wanted their children
to be educated in Britain.
African merchants who had been helping
British traders came to Britain for longer
periods of time to seek a better life.
African musicians and dancers were
brought to Britain as entertainers.
A number of black communities formed
around London, while in Liverpool, one
road was unofficially renamed ‘negro
street’
74
what were reasons for indian migration in the industrial period
Until 1858, India had been controlled by the powerful East
India Company. In 1858, the British government fully took
control of India. Queen Victoria described India as the ‘Jewell
in her Crown’. Thousands of Indian Sikhs, Hindus & Muslims
decided to migrate to Britain for the following reasons:
Education: Rich Indian families sent children to attended
British universities, especially after 1858. Many gained their
qualifications and decided to stay.
Indian Servants: After 1858, more British people moved to
India. On their return to Britain, they wanted to keep the Indian
servants and so brought them back with them. Indian servants
were cheaper than British servants and were a status symbol
for wealthier families. Ayahs (nannies) continued to migrate to
Britain.
Lascars: Lascars (sailors) were recruited by the East India
Company from India and China but their wages were poor.
Once their ships had docked in Britain, many ‘disappeared’ into
dockland communities to seek better work and opportunities.
75
what were reasons for chinese migration in the industrial period
The British East India Company set up trading posts in China
to trade luxury items such as silk and tea. The Chinese city of
Hong Kong also became part of the British Empire from 1841
until 1997. Links between Britain and China became
stronger.
Chinese lascars worked on British trade
ships. They spent time in British ports
and then decided to stay.
76
what were reasons for italian migration in the industrial period
In 1861, 5,000 Italians lived in Britain. By 1901 it was 20,000.
Italy Unified: Italy officially became a country in 1861. However,
different regions began to fight against each other for power. Many
Italian wanted to escape the fighting.
Agriculture: Many farmers in Italy were living in poverty. They saw
how stable and prosperous farming was in Britain.
Disease: Italy had outbreaks of deadly diseases such as typhus and
cholera. Italians believed that Britain was a healthier place to live.
77
what were reasons for german migration in the industrial period
Many Germans came to Britain in the late 1800s. 28,000 Germans
lived in Britain in 1861. By 1901 this rose to 53,000.
Germany was Unified: Like Italy, Germany only became a country
after 1871 and there was fighting between different regions who
wanted more power. Most Germans came to Britain to escape the
warfare.
Economy: Britain’s wealthy economy from the Industrial Revolution
attracted many highly skilled German workers.
Freedom: In Germany, people could be arrested for voicing their
views. Germans liked the freedom of speech that British people had.
78
what were the experiences of irish migrants in the industrial period
Irish migrants had few skills other than farming. They became labourers in dockyards or
worked in mines and quarries. Most however, became navvies. Navvies (short for
navigators) dug out routes for canals and railways. The work was tough and dangerous.
Many were killed or injured which led their wives and children into more poverty.
Catholic Relief Acts
Allowed Catholics to join the BritishArmy and own land in Britain.
Allowed Catholics to practice their religion in Britain without being fined.
Catholics were allowed to attend British universities for the first time.
Despite their hard work, prejudice against the Irish grew.
Fenians were an Irish Catholic terrorist group who
attempted to overthrow the British government. The British
public unfairly then linked all Irish people with being
Fenians and terrorists.
Some disliked the Irish for being Catholic.
The British had no sympathy for the poverty of the Irish and
just wanted them sent back to Ireland.
Irish migrants were often accused of being criminals as they
often lived in high crime areas. Navvies were blamed for
drunkenness and seen as trouble makers.
Newspapers blamed the Irish for outbreaks of typhus
labelling it ‘Irish Fever’. This fuelled more negative views.
Some had the racist belief that the Irish were ‘inferior’ (not
as good) as the British because they came from the Celts
and not the Anglo-Saxons.
79
what were the experiences of jewish migrants in the industrial period
90% of Jews from Eastern Europe came to London hoping to join existing Jewish communities in
the East End. Jewish leaders urged Jewish migrants to quickly learn English and adapt to the
British way of life.
The London Jewish Free School in Whitechapel aimed to integrate Jewish children into English society.
Living Conditions
Jewish migrants settled in the overcrowded East End of London in poor districts like Spitalfields and Whitechapel. By 1901 there were 14 people per house in these areas.
Jews worked in trades such as clothing,
shoemaking or furniture making. In
Whitechapel, many Jews worked in clothing
sweatshops. Sweatshops produced cheap,
clothing often in poor conditions, for long
hours and for low pay. Many sweatshops were
also run by Jews. For this reason, they had a
bad reputation with local residents.
Many locals disliked and resented Jewish migrants. People
easily believed Anti-Semitic stereotypes of Jews which were
presented in newspapers & novels such as Jews being greedy
and untrustworthy. In Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist, the
character Fagin was based on Jewish stereotypes.
Anti-Semitism
There was prejudice because:
Jewish workers worked for low wages. British people
resented this as they wanted to push for higher wages.
Many sweatshops only employed Jewish workers so Jews
were accused of taking jobs from British workers.
Jewish traditions were different. The Jewish holy day is a
Saturday and not a Sunday. This meant that Jewish
businesses could trade ( and make money) on a Sunday.
Jewish culture was different. People disliked the traditional
orthodox Jewish clothing, foods and the fact that many only
spoke Yiddish and not English.
80
what were the experiences of african migrants in the industrial period
By 1750, there were 10,000 Africans in England.
By 1800, 15,000 Africans lived in London.
Black communities grew in Liverpool, Glasgow and
Cardiff.
Africans worked in a range of jobs with some
earning more money than others.
Attitudes were generally positive towards them.
African men fought for Britain during the American
War of Independence (1775). In return they were
offered freedom and a chance to come to Britain.
However, many struggled to find work.
The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
care for African beggars until they found work.
However, the government forced some to leave. In
1787, a ship sailed from England to Africa with 400
beggars on board. 133 died on board ship.
Newspapers influences attitudes
towards African migrants. In 1772,
newspapers published the
judgement of Lord Justice Mansfield
who concluded that slavery should
not exist in England.
Newspapers told the story of Mary
Seacole, a Jamaican nurse who was
left in poverty despite caring for
British soldiers during the Crimean
War. In 1858 they helped raise
public money to support her.
81
what were the experiences of chinese and indian migrants in the industrial period
Many Ayahs stayed with their British family until the children
had grown up and found work with other English families.
However, some were abandoned and lived in poverty. They
headed for the poorer parts of London such as the East End.
By the 1850s, a hostel was set up by a Christian organisation
which gave shelter to abandoned ayahs.
It helped ayahs find work but also converted the women
from Hinduism to Christianity.
India and Chinese Lascars reached British ports and decided
to stay rather than make their return journey back to India
or Asia.
They easily found work in busy British ports such as London,
Liverpool and Glasgow.
Some became destitute
(homeless and without work).
They roamed the streets,
begging and stealing. Many
died from starvation or from
the cold.
Christian hostels were opened
to help destitute lascars with
food, clothing and to find work
and also convert them to
Christianity.
82
what were some experiences of german migrants in the indstrial period
Germans came to Britain to escape war, gain freedom and to
develop new skills and businesses. They went to a wide variety
of towns across Britain. Hundreds set up smaller businesses
such as butchers, bakers, brewers, ran restaurants and pubs –
they even introduced the sausage to Britain!
Paul Reuter set up a successful news agency called Reuters
News in London in 1851. It spread international news in and
made British readers feel part of the wider world.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - Famous German thinkers
who were able to publish their radical new ideas in Britain.
83
what were some experiences of italian migrants in the industrial period
Italians had been farmers and had to quickly find other ways
to make a living. Many settled in Clerkenwell in London
which was known as ‘Little Italy’. The Italians brought some
fun to London and the other cities they settled in.
Many Italians worked as street musicians using instruments
such as barrel organs - sometimes with a tame monkey
dancing and playing tricks.
Some moved to Scotland
where they set up fish and
chip shops. Many today are
still run by Italians.
The biggest form of
employment was making and
selling ice cream. Many
opening their own ice cream
parlours in towns coastal
resorts across Britain which
were hugely popular.
84
how did migrants in the industrial period have an impact on the slave trade
African migrants played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade
in 1807. People learned just how terrible slavery was.
Olaudah Equiano – A former slave who settled in England and
learned to read and write. His influential autobiography about his
life as a slave was widely read and encouraged many people,
including politicians to oppose the slave trade.
Ignatius Sancho – Was born on a slave ship before being taken by
his owner to London. He eventually started his own business as a
shopkeeper and was the first black African to vote in Britain. He
became heavily involved in the anti-slave trade movement.
85
how did migrants impact political ieas in the industrial period
Two German migrants influenced working
class people to fight for equality and
power.
Karl Marx’s book, the Communist
Manifesto outlined how society should be
fairer. It stated ‘Workers of the world to
unite. You have nothing to lose but your
chains’. These ideas influenced the
working classes and terrified government
that there may be a communist uprising.
Friedrich Engels also
called for a
‘revolution’ in how
government helped
the poor. His book in
1844 influenced
many politicians.
86
how did migrants have an impact on culture in the industrial period
Migrant communities began to influence British culture
Italian Ice-Cream: The Italians made ice-cream popular and cheap.
By 1900, street sellers of ice-cream were common in most towns
Glasgow had 300!
Fish & Chips: Fried fish came from Jewish refugees from Spain and
Portugal.
Indian Food: Queen Victoria’s liking for Indian food came from the
influence of Indian servants. She helped inspire the popularity in
Indian food. More Indian restaurants opened by 1900.
Chinese Food: Chinese restaurants began opening in the late 1800s
German Food: German sausages influenced British tastes.
Music - Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a composer born to a white
English mother and black father from Africa. He was seen a genius.
Writing: Oscar Wilde was an Irish born author and poet. Spent time
in prison because he was openly gay.
87
how did migrants in the industrial period have an impact on science and industry
Johann Schweppe – A German scientist who came to England in
1792. He developed the fizzy drinks company known as Schweppes.
Ludwig Mond – A German chemist. Set up a huge chemical company
called ICI
88
how did immigrants in the industrial period have an impact on buildings and towns
The environment began to change. Jewish synagogues and
Islamic Mosques were built.
Street names changed to reflect the migrants living in them. One
part of London was called ‘Little Italy’ and parts of some towns
were called China-town.
After the laws allowing Catholics more freedoms, a huge building
project to build Catholic schools and churches began. By 1900,
there were 1500 Catholic churches.
89
how did immigrants in the industrial period have an impact on shops and trading
Migrants successfully owned shops, banks
and businesses which helped the
economy. Examples of Jewish migrants:
Moses Moss created, Moss Bros was a
successful men’s clothing shop.
Montagu Burton founded Burton’s
Menswear.
Michael Marks escaped the Russian
persecution in 1880. He and Tom
Spencer opened hugely successful Marks
& Spencer's stores across the country.
90
how did liverpool improve in the industrial period
Liverpool prospered during the
slave trade. When slavery ended in
1807, Liverpool’s ports still traded a
wide range goods and it became
the second richest port in the
world. It also attracted many
migrants.
Liverpool faced the Atlantic Ocean
and traded with America.
Raw cotton was Liverpool’s main
import. 80% of Britain’s cotton
imports came into Liverpool. The
cotton mills in nearby Manchester
employed thousands of families.
Products were then exported
around the world back through
Liverpool’s 7 miles of docks.
By the 1800s, sailing ships were
replaced with steamships which
were faster and could carry more
goods.
By 1895,Liverpool’s docks handled
10.5 million tones of goods.
91
why did irish migrate to liverpool during the industrial period
Liverpool was easy and cheap to get to and also offered links to America.
There were many job opportunities in Liverpool.
After the potato famine, thousands of Irish migrants travelled to Liverpool.
Between 1847-48 over 300,000 migrants arrived and in 1850, 250,000 more
arrived in the city
92
what were the experiences of irish migrants in liverpool in the industrial period
By 1851, over 20% of the population of Liverpool were Irish.
Most lived in poor, run-down districts. Outbreaks of typhus (a deadly infection)
were common and the disease was harshly labelled ‘Irish Fever’. Therefore, limits
were put on Irish migrants.
A dockside pub owned by Irish boxer Jack Langan offered support for new arrivals.
Other Irish-run businesses began to open.
Thousands of Irish navvies built and worked on the docks
Irish dock workers were called lumpers and hired on a daily basis
to help load and unload ships. By 1870, almost 2,000 Irishmen
were employed as unskilled lumpers.
However, Irish workers faced prejudice. Signs saying ‘No Irish
Need Apply’ were common. Jobs were poorly paid, temporary
and involved very long hours. In 1881, 80% of Irish men were
unskilled labourers. There were few jobs for Irish women.
93
how did irish migrants impact liverpool in the industrial period
Today, 75% of people in Liverpool have an
Irish heritage. The scouse accent comes
from the Irish speakers who migrated there.
The Anfield area, now the home of Liverpool
FC was named after the Annefield family
who were irish born and came to Liverpool.
94
what were the experiences of indian migrants in liverpool in the industrial period
Indian sailors continued working as lascars for shipping
companies, especially with the invention of new
steamships. Falsely, it was assumed that Indian sailors
worked better in the hot boiler rooms because they had
lived in a hot country! They were also paid much less than
white sailors.
Others took work where they could. A few set up lodging
houses where other Indian sailors could live. Some
married English women. In 1890, a mosque was also
opened for Muslim Indians.
95
what were the experiences and impacts of chinese migrants in liverpool in the industrial period
Liverpool has the oldest ‘Chinatown’ in Europe. In the
1850s it attracted Chinese seamen from Hong Kong
carrying silk, cotton and tea.
Boarding houses homed Chinese sailors and Chinese shops
and cafes became common. Chinese sailors had a positive
reputation for working hard, not drinking and looking after
their families. Many married British women.
96
what were the experiences and impacts of african migrants in liverpool in the industrial period
Many African sailors migrated to
Liverpool. They were also hired as
sailors in the Liverpool docks and
were often given work in the boiler
rooms of steam ships.
They worked for long hours, poor
wages and in tough conditions.
Wealthy African families would also
send their children to gain a British
education in Liverpool.
Liverpool has one of the oldest black
communities in Europe.
97
why did jewish migrants settle in whitechapel and spitalfields in the industrial period
After 1880, most of the 100,000 migrant Jews settled in
the poorer London districts in the East End -
Whitechapel and Spitalfields. There were already Jews
living there and new arrivals hoped they would offer
support. Rents were also cheaper than elsewhere.
98
what was whitechapel like in the industrial period
Whitechapel was a maze of crowded
streets with little sanitation and dark
alleys. People lived in extreme
poverty. Lodging houses were cold
and damp but offered beds which
were paid for by the night. Crime,
prostitution and unemployment
levels were high.
99
how did the english readct to increase of jewish migratns in the industrial period
Thousands of new Jewish migrants caused tension
with locals and attacks on Jews increased. Police did
not want to patrol the area as it was that violent!
With high unemployment, locals believed that Jews
were taking ‘their’ jobs.
One newspaper campaigned against the ‘foreign
flood’ of Jewish migrants and one MP described Jews
as the ‘scum of Europe’.
This prejudice led to the formation of The British
Brothers League in 1901 which campaigned against
immigration. It had 45,000 members and organised
mass meetings and protests. The negative feeling
towards Jewish migrants even resulted in a new law
called The Aliens Act (1905) which went on to restrict
the immigration of ‘undesirable immigrants’.
100
what was work like for jewish migrants in whitechapel (industrial period )
New Jewish migrants found it hard to get work as they
only spoke Yiddish and not English.
The Jewish Sabbath (Holy Day) was a Saturday. This
also restricted how much work Jews could find from
British employers who always worked a Saturday.
Many worked in Jewish owned sweatshops making
cheap clothing. Sweatshops were cramped, unhygienic
and dangerous and often ignored local rules about
working conditions.
Sweatshops were illegal in Britain and local people felt
the Jews deliberately ignored this to make money.
101
how did the existing jewish population in whitechapel support jewish migrants in the industrial period
In 1880, there were 46,000 Jews already in London who
had integrated well into the local community. Many spoke
English. By 1900, the Jewish population was 135,000.
A Jewish housing company was formed called The Four
Precent Industrial Dwellings Company. It built homes to
house over 4,000 people. It still exists today.
A charity called the Jewish Board of Guardians put
pressure on the local council to improve living and
working conditions for Jews in Whitechapel.
102
why did some existing jewish population in whitechapel fear new jewish migrants
However, some exiting Jews
feared new arrivals would
damage the good reputation
that the Jewish community
had built up over the years.
They were worried that any
new hatred against the Jews
would ultimately mean ALL
Jews would be targeted by
Anti-Semitism.
103
how was anti semitism shown during the jack the ripper murders
In 1888, Whitechapel was the location of the Jack the Ripper
murders. The murders caught the attention of the national and
the world’s press. Each murder took place in ‘Jewish’ areas and
so many people, including the press believed that Jack the Ripper
was a Jew. This is proof of the Anti-Semitism that existed in
Whitechapel.
Graffiti: Above the archway where one of the victims was
murdered, a message had been written on the wall ‘The Juwes
are the men that will not be blamed for nothing’. This graffiti
was rubbed off by the police before it could be photographed
as the police didn’t want it to spark any further Anti-Semitism
in the community.
Eye Witness Evidence: Statements from people who claimed
to have seen the killer talking to the victims shortly before
their deaths. It was common for these statements to mention
the killer ‘looking foreign’ or ‘like a foreigner’.
104
what was the impact of jews on whitechapel in the industrial period
Synagogues like the Spitalfields
Great Synagogue were built.
Shops selling Jewish foods such
as bagels were opened.
The Jews’ Temporary Shelter
opened to give homes and
meals to poor Jews
Petticoat Lane Market is one of
London’s oldest markets and
sold lots of Jewish speciality
items such as kosher foods.
The Jewish Free School became
one of the largest schools in
the world.
105
what years make the modern period
1900 - present
106
why did the world wars increase migration to englan
107
what changes to society were there in the modern period
ww1 :
over 3 million men from the british empire including 1 million from india served on the allies ' side , mainky on the western front ,
thousands of lascars worded on merchant navy ships , especially on atlantic convoys bringing food and supplies to britain . this released men to join the royal navy
the british economy was wholly prepared fotr war production
ww2 :
about 8 million men from the british empire including 2.5 million from india served on the allies' side most fought in the far east and africa
thousands of migrants seamen worked on merchant ships bringing food to britain
cities and ports , factories and houses as well as road and ril links throughout britain were all bombed damaged and destroyed .
end of empire :
in 1700 to 1900 the empire was strong
after 1945 it became clear that britain could not retain large parts of its empire
britains economy was shattered it could not afford to spend money on maintaining an empire
decolonisation had to begin
many colonies had been developing their own independanc movements , india gained independance in 1947 and was followed by many other countries in the 1950s and 60s
the commonwealth :
1949 the commonwealth of nations was formed
membership meant countries that had gained independence could keep links with britain and eachother ,
the european union
in 1973 britain joined the european economic community
it had 9 members ; by 2007 there were 23 members and the eec had become the eu
2016 britainvoted to leave
legislation :
1905 aliens act - only people with jobs or money could migrate to britain
1948 british nationality act - millions of people in the british coloneies and former colonies were given the right to enter britain and stay
1962 common wealth immigrants act - a voucher system was introduced . only those with a valuable skill or who could get a job where there was a shortage of workers were able to get a voucher and so perission to migrate
1968 - common wealth immigration act - the number of vouchers available was reduced , applicants had to be born in britain or have parents or grandparents born there .
1971 immigration act - vouchers were replaced with work permits for specific time periods . these didnt apply to peopel with british born parents or grandparents
1981 nationality act : the automatic right to stay in britatin was no longer possible for non british citizens
108
what were reasons for migration to england in the modern period
world wars :
seeking safety
during ww1 250000 belgians , fled to england
160000 polish during ww2
they regarded britain as a place of safety
the 1905 aliensact was suspended to allow them into the country
there werent eough migratns coming from europe to help rebuild
the government started to encourage people from their colonies particularly the carribbean to migrate to britain .
as ell as for erbuilding this was for working in transport and NHS ,
enpire windrush - brought over 800 migrants
looking for work
plenty of employment in britain to rebuild everything
seeking safety from persecution
over 8000 jewish children travelled to safety in britain on their own .the children were escaping nazi persecution the mission was called kindertransport
they were due to return home but most of their relatives were killed in the holocaust
THE empire and commonwealth :
india and pakistan
independance caused terrible violence wen the country was partitioned into india and pakistan
many migrated to britain
kenya
had a large asian population
four years after independance the president asked all ansians to choose between being kenyan and british
manyc chose to remain vbritish
non kenyans could remain on a temporary basis
therefore many migrated to britain
uganda
as in kenya there was a large asian population
president ordered their expulsion but then insisted the progessionals had to staty .
after failed negotiations , the british government offered asians in uganda either and indian or british passport if they wanted to leave
many chose briatin to settle in leicester
The EU
britains membership with eu gave eu citixens the right to enter britain
after 2004 nine easter european states joiend
thousands migrated to britain to find work that was better paid than in their country
there were no restrictions on amount of immigrants
ireland
migration continued from ireland
they were exempt from the aliens act
some came to flee the troubles ' hen a resistance group was formed - violent - to gain independance
asylum seekers and refugees
in 1951 britain signed the united nations convention on refugees afreeing to offer asylum to people facing persecution
migrants came to britain to avoid dangerous situations in their home countries
109
what were the experiences of migrants in the modern period
belgian s
set up small businesses
around 90 percent returned home
set up a village in county durnham called elizabeth ville
run as a sovereign belgian villiage
men worked in munitions factories
