migration Flashcards
what is IMmigration?
the action of coming to live in a foreign country permanently (COMING IN)
what is EMmigration?
the act of leaving your own country to settle permanently in another (LEAVING)
what is net migration?
the difference between the two.
number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants
what are the migration trends?
- 1900: largest immigrant group were IRISH - mainly for economic reasons
- 1950s: mostly BLACK CARIBEAN immigrants
- 1960s/70s: SOUTH ASIAN from india, pakistan, bangladesh
- created a more ethnically diverse society = diverse family patterns
- despite these trends, up to 1980s MORE PEOPLE LEFT THE UK than have come here - many emigrated to australia, new zealand, canada, south africa and usa
what are push factors?
factors that push people away from a country, FOR EXAMPLE:
- few services
- lack of jobs
- unhappy life
- poor transport links
- natural disasters
- wars
- shortage of food
what are pull factors?
factors that encourage people to a better place, FOR EXAMPLE:
- access to services
- better jobs
- more entertainment
- better transport
- improved living conditions
- hope for a better way of life
- family links
different types of migrants include…
- economic migrants in search of a better life
- asylum seekers/refugees escaping conflict
- students
- illegal immigrants
- spouses
what is the impact of migration on the uk population?
- POPULATION RISE
increase in the size of the population - AGE STRUCTURE
immigrants are usually of working age so lowers the average age of the population - DEPENDENCY RATIO
- working age immigrants decreases the dr
- increase in birth rates also increases the dr
- when children are old enough to join the workforce decreases the dr
how does migration have an impact on family structures?
AFRICAN CARIBEAN
- lone parent, matrilocal
- more likely to marry someone from another ethnic group
ASIAN
- traditional family
- low rates of cohabitation/divorce
increase in DUAL HERITAGE and HYBRID IDENTITIES (children form a unique identity with influences from their family heritage and uk culture)
globalisation and migration
the world has become increasingly connected through:
- trade
- global media (internet)
- political organisations
- movement of people
- globalisation has accelerated migration and created rapid social change
- between 2000 and 2013 international migration has increased by 33%
what is super diversity?
- globalisation has created super diversity
- there are class differences between migrants:
- citizens - full citizenship
- denizens - privileged labour nationals
- helots - unskilled labour force / domestic servants / illegally trafficked workers
what is multiculturalism?
- from 1960s there was a move towards multiculturalism which embraced diversity
- multiculturalism allows migrants to retain a separate identity
this can be seen on two levels:
- shallow diversity - cultural differences that are acceptable to the state e.g. religious practices and mosques, temples and synagogues
- deep diversity - cultural differences that are not acceptable to the state e.g. multiple marriages
what did B. EHRENREICH and A. HOCHSCHILD say about migration?
(FEMINISTS)
- statistically, half of migrants are now female
- they usually work in the care industry
- or, they go into low paid work i.e. cleaning
- 40% of all nurses in the uk are migrants
- ‘mail-order brides’ - single men go ono websites and pick from women who want to marry british men to get a visa and come over
- illegally trafficked sex workers
JOHN EADE - hybrid identities
- many migrants have developed their own hybrid identities
- country of origin + country of residence = hybrid identity
FOR EXAMPLE: - second generation immigrants from Bangladesh identitfy as bengali AND british
THOMAS HYLLAND ERIKSON - transnational identities
- ERIKSON talks about transnational identities
- people moving back and forth rather than settling in one country and feel they don’t belong in a particular culture
- technology also allows people to keep global ties without having to travel
