Midyear Review Flashcards
Which of the following are two of the factors that contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution in Europe in the mid-1500s?
- The Renaissance
- The Protestant Reformation
Before the scientific revolution, the church and ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Ptolemy believed that the earth was the center of the universe. This theory was called the:
Geocentric Theory - Proven incorrect by Nicolaus Copernicus.
Beginning in the mid-1500s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. As these scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, they launched a change in European thought. This was a new way of thinking about the natural world. The ________________ was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
Scientific Revolution
In the early 1500s, Polish cleric and astronomer____________ became interested in an old Greek idea that the sun stood at the center of the universe. After studying planetary movements for more than 25 years, he reasoned that indeed, the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called ________________, a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
The Scientific Method
How did Galileo’s work come into conflict with the Church, and how was the conflict resolved?
He went against the church’s teachings and authority, so he was forced to say that the ideas of Copernicus were false. Galileo was also placed indefinitely under house arrest by the Catholic Inquisition.
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Identifying a problem or question that arises from observation.
Johannes Kepler supported Copernican theory and added to it the idea that:
The planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles
Laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes; a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial; torture should never be used and capital punishment should be abolished
Beccaria
Women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful; women should enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
Wollstonecraft
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
Voltaire
Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness; ; good government is freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society; consent of the governed
Rousseau
Separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government; checks and balances
Montesquieu
An agreement between the people and the government in which the people hand over their rights in exchange for law and order is known as a:
Social Contract
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems, the Enlightenment (also known also as the ____________________) reached its height in the mid-1700s and brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization.
Age of Reason
John Locke believed that all people are born free and equal with three natural rights. He believed that the purpose of the government was to protect these rights. If the government failed to do this, then the people should:
Overthrow the existing government and establish a new one that will protect their rights to life, liberty, and property.
The buzz of Enlightenment ideas was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women of Paris. There, in their large drawing rooms, these hostesses held regular social gatherings called __________. At these events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas.
Salons
Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the spirit of the Enlightenment became known as:
Enlightened Despots
He believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments to keep order, there would be “war . . . of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Rousseau
Diderot created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it ___________________ . They helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe.
Encyclopedia
What did Enlightenment ideas inspire colonial leaders in North America to do?
Break away from their ruling country and establish their own republic.
Under the influence of the Enlightenment, artists and architects worked in a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome. This artistic style is referred to as:
Neoclassical
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…“— The Declaration of Independence
Which Enlightenment thinker most directly influenced the notion expressed in this passage?
Locke
Describe each of the Social groups in Latin America
Peninsulares: Born in Spain/Portugal
Creoles: Born in Latin America to Iberian parents.
Mestizos: Born to Iberian and native parents
Mulattos: Born to Iberian and African parents.
Native Americans: Indigenous to America
Enslaved People: Brought mainly from Africa.
Simón Bolívar and Father Miguel Hidalgo, leaders in Latin American independence movements, were inspired by successful revolutions in:
The United States and France
Simon Bolivar
- Freed 5 south American colonies from Spanish rule.
- Born in Venezuela
- President of Gran Columbia, Peru, and Bolivia.
Describe the social structure of Haiti
- Grand Blancs (Big Whites): Plantation Owners
- Petit Blancs (Small Whites): Poor whites, shop keepers, teachers, artisans.
- Gens de Couleur (Free People of color)
- Enslaved People - Of african descent (500,000)
- Maroons - Escaped slaves living in the mountains.
Who was the leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first independent black state in the Americas?
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Which revolutionary leader succeeded Toussaint L’Ouverture and played a key role in declaring Haiti’s independence in 1804?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
El Grito de Dolores (the cry of Dolores) called for:
Mexicans to rebel against the Spanish and fight for independence and liberty.
Prior to it’s independence, the French colony on the island of Hispaniola was called:
Saint-Domingue
What was the main crop that fueled the Haitian economy during the colonial period and contributed to its revolutionary spirit?
Sugar. Produced 40% of the world’s supply. Also produced coffee, tobacco, cotton, and indigo.
The Latin American Wars of Independence were primarily fought against the rule of which European power?
Spain (also Portugal)
Who played a crucial role in the Mexican War of Independence and is often considered the father of Mexican indepedence?
Father Miguel Hidalgo
In 1808, Napoleon’s French army invaded Spain, removed the Spanish king from the throne, and replaced him with
Napoleon’s brother
How did the Napoleonic invasion of Spain influence the Latin American independence movements?
It weakened the control of the Spanish Crown over its colonies.
Why did many creoles not support Father Miguel Hidalgo?
He wanted to abolish slavery
What three institutions exercised control over the Latin American populations?
- Church
- Crown
- Patriarchy
Which social class played a significant role in championing the cause of independence in Latin American, particularly in terms of leadership?
Creoles
How was the system of social hierarchy in Latin America different from the system of social hierarchy found in pre-revolutionary France?
It was based on race
In the context of mercantilism, what was the primary objective of European colonial powers in the 16th to 18th centuries?
To accumulate wealth through the extraction of resources from colonies
What distinguished Brazil’s path to independence from many other Latin American nations in the 19th century?
Peaceful transition to independence in Brazil.
Who was the reigning monarch at the start of the French Revolution?
King Louis XVI
During the 1770s and 1780s, France’s government sank deeply into debt.
Costly wars and extravagant spending by the monarchs - King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Also caused by food shortages and high bread prices.
To deal with France’s extreme economic crisis, the king called a meeting of the Estates-General in May 1789 (the first meeting in 175 years). What is the Estates-General?
An assembly of representatives from all three estates.
1. Estate I: Clergy. 1% of population but owned 10% of the land.
2. Estate II: Nobles. About 2% of the population but owned more than 20% of the land.
3. Estate III: Commoners (bourgeoisie, peasants, urban workers). 97% of the population but was the only group to face taxation.
On June 17, 1789, the delegates of the Third Estate voted to establish the _______________, in effect proclaiming the end of absolute monarchy and the beginning of representative government. This vote was the first deliberate act of revolution.
National Assembly
What did the Tennis Court Oath vow to do?
Establish a written constitution for France.
Which document, created by the National Assembly, outlined the basic rights and principles that would guide the French Revolution?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Which of the following events marked the start of the French Revolution?
Storming of the Bastille
What was the primary goal of the Women’s March on Versailles in 1789?
To secure bread for their families and address the economic crisis. Led to the movement of the crown from Versailles to the city of Paris.
Nobles and others who had fled France, hoped to undo the Revolution, and restore the Old Regime were known as:
Emigres
As many as 40,000 people suspected of being traitors were executed by the guillotine in one year during the French Revolution. This was known as the…
Reign of Terror
Order of the French Governments
Old Regime/Absolute Monarchy
National Assembly
Legislative Assembly
National Convention
Committee of Public Safety
Directory
What was the name of the radical political organization that sought more radical changes during the French Revolution and played a significant role in the Reign of Terror?
Jacobins
The goal of the Committee of Public Safety was to:
Eliminate enemies of the Revolution
The term “sans-culottes” referred to:
Peasants and working-class people without knee-breeches
Napoleon’s last bid for power that began when he returned from exile and ended with his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo is known as:
The Hundred Days Campaign
Napoleon Bonaparte was unable to conquer ____ and ____ in the Napoleonic Wars.
Great Britain and Russia
Napoleon thought that his greatest work was his comprehensive system of laws that gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices, though it restricted freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This was known as the:
Napoleonic Code - Stabilized the country.
Rallying Cry of the French Revolution
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
The Directory was the final government of the French Revolution before the rise of Napoleon. How many directors governed during this period?
- Overthrown by Napoleon who declared himself emperor of France in 1804 with the support of French voters
Jean-Paul Marat
Author of L’Ami du Peuple who famously said that he wanted 200,000 heads to roll, including all those who supported the king
Jacques’ Necker
Financial advisor to Louis XVI appointed in 1777; well-liked by the commoners due to his proposal of taxing the nobility
Maximilien Robespierre
Jacobin leader of the Committee of Public Safety who governed France virtually as a dictator during the Reign of Terror
