Midyear Review Flashcards
Which of the following are two of the factors that contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution in Europe in the mid-1500s?
- The Renaissance
- The Protestant Reformation
Before the scientific revolution, the church and ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Ptolemy believed that the earth was the center of the universe. This theory was called the:
Geocentric Theory - Proven incorrect by Nicolaus Copernicus.
Beginning in the mid-1500s, a few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of the ancient thinkers and the church. As these scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, they launched a change in European thought. This was a new way of thinking about the natural world. The ________________ was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
Scientific Revolution
In the early 1500s, Polish cleric and astronomer____________ became interested in an old Greek idea that the sun stood at the center of the universe. After studying planetary movements for more than 25 years, he reasoned that indeed, the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called ________________, a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
The Scientific Method
How did Galileo’s work come into conflict with the Church, and how was the conflict resolved?
He went against the church’s teachings and authority, so he was forced to say that the ideas of Copernicus were false. Galileo was also placed indefinitely under house arrest by the Catholic Inquisition.
What is the first step in the scientific method?
Identifying a problem or question that arises from observation.
Johannes Kepler supported Copernican theory and added to it the idea that:
The planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles
Laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes; a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial; torture should never be used and capital punishment should be abolished
Beccaria
Women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful; women should enter male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
Wollstonecraft
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
Voltaire
Civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness; ; good government is freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society; consent of the governed
Rousseau
Separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government; checks and balances
Montesquieu
An agreement between the people and the government in which the people hand over their rights in exchange for law and order is known as a:
Social Contract
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems, the Enlightenment (also known also as the ____________________) reached its height in the mid-1700s and brought great change to many aspects of Western civilization.
Age of Reason
John Locke believed that all people are born free and equal with three natural rights. He believed that the purpose of the government was to protect these rights. If the government failed to do this, then the people should:
Overthrow the existing government and establish a new one that will protect their rights to life, liberty, and property.
The buzz of Enlightenment ideas was most intense in the mansions of several wealthy women of Paris. There, in their large drawing rooms, these hostesses held regular social gatherings called __________. At these events, philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other great intellects met to discuss ideas.
Salons
Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the spirit of the Enlightenment became known as:
Enlightened Despots
He believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. Without governments to keep order, there would be “war . . . of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Rousseau
Diderot created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it ___________________ . They helped spread Enlightenment ideas to educated people all over Europe.
Encyclopedia
What did Enlightenment ideas inspire colonial leaders in North America to do?
Break away from their ruling country and establish their own republic.
Under the influence of the Enlightenment, artists and architects worked in a simple and elegant style that borrowed ideas and themes from classical Greece and Rome. This artistic style is referred to as:
Neoclassical
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…“— The Declaration of Independence
Which Enlightenment thinker most directly influenced the notion expressed in this passage?
Locke
Describe each of the Social groups in Latin America
Peninsulares: Born in Spain/Portugal
Creoles: Born in Latin America to Iberian parents.
Mestizos: Born to Iberian and native parents
Mulattos: Born to Iberian and African parents.
Native Americans: Indigenous to America
Enslaved People: Brought mainly from Africa.
Simón Bolívar and Father Miguel Hidalgo, leaders in Latin American independence movements, were inspired by successful revolutions in:
The United States and France
