Latin American Revolutions

Question 1

Three Institutions that Controlled Society

Answer 1

Spanish/Portuguese Crown: Believed that colonies functioned to create revenue for the crown.

The Catholic Church: Influenced everyday life.
Controlled time and mandated a work-week that allowed for respect to be paid to the Sabbath.

Patriarchy: Men had full control over women.

Question 2

Transculturation

Answer 2

The merging and converging of cultures. Latin America led the world in transculturation.
In Latin America
Peninsulares
Creoles
Native Americans
Enslaved Africans

Question 3

Brazil

Answer 3

Brazil
Ruled by Portugal, not by Spain. The Creoles wished to maintain privilege but to remove their inequality in comparison to the Peninsulares.
Napoleon took over Portugal in 1807. The entire royal court was forced to flee to the Portuguese colony at Brazil.

Loved Brazil to the point that King Jao stayed in Brazil all the way until 1821 when the Portuguese requested that he returned.

Question 4

Mexico

Answer 4

Napoleon instituted his brother onto the royal throne of Spain in 1808.
The Creoles, attempting to exploit such divide, pledged loyalty to the French/Spanish king.

Led by Father Miguel Hidalgo. Aimed to destroy the residual remains of the Spanish throne and thus, the Peninsulares.
To the Mestizo peasants, the Creoles and the Peninsulares, were both white Europeans. Many Creoles were thus attacked though many, passively, supported them.

Question 5

Simon Bolivar

Answer 5

Realized the only way to overcome class divisions was to appeal to the idea of Venezuelan/South American unity.
Convinced the Llaneros to start fighting, with the Creoles, against the Spanish.
By 1825, almost the entire western hemisphere, excluding exceptions in Canada and the Caribbean, was free from European rule.
Enshrined the idea of Popular Sovereignty
The idea that the people have the right to control their country and its decisions.
Also led to the idea/concept of multiculturalism.
Did nothing to change the three institutions.
Social hierarchy did not change except for the Creoles becoming the leading class.
The Catholic church retained its power.
Women were not granted the same rights as the newly sovereign men and so, they were unable to vote until the 1950s.

Question 6

José de San Martín:

Answer 6

Modest man unlike the prestigious and boastful Simon Bolivar.
1778-1850
Spent most of his youth in Spain born in Argentina.
Rose to role of Officer in the Spanish Army.
Fought against Napoleon.
Led liberation efforts of Argentina, Chile, Peru after returning to South America so as to aid such countries in their revolution against Napoleonic rule.
Like Bolivar, left South America after being disheartened by political turmoil.

Question 7

Describe the Class Structure in Latin America

Answer 7

Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattoes
Enslaved Africans
Native Americans