Midyear exam Flashcards
Nucleus
Structure with a membrane containing DNA which controls the structure and function of a cell
Eukaryotic
Organisms with genetic material in a nucleus
Prokaryotic
Organisms that do not have a nucleus
Organelle
Specialised structures inside the cytoplasm of cells that perform functions for the cell
Cytoplasm
Gel like material with Incel which is enclosed by cell membrane
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell which is 02️⃣- food to release energy for the cell
Vacuole
Fluid filled bag cytoplasm of most plant cells
Cell wall
Rigid layer located on the outside of the plant cells
DNA
The material found in the cells that carries the hereditary information
What do the cell structures have in common
They all have cell membranes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus (in most eukaryotic cell)
Vacuole
What happens if the cytoplasm
Cytosol is where chemical vital chemical reactions take place
What does the nucleus contain
It contains the DNA and cell
What does the mitochondria combine with
The mitrochondrial combines with food molecules + O2️⃣=
Release energy for the cell
What is the typical plant cell look like
See on page 5 of textbook
What does the typical animal cell look like
See on page 5 of textbook
What’s the difference between plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells have cell walls and cell membranes that gives its shape and protects the cell
Animals cells have no cell wall but only have cell membrane
Plant cells are usually larger more firm and inflexible
Animal cells are smaller and have no fixed form
Plant cell has a large vacuole
Animal cell usually have no vacuole but if there is it is small
Plant cells have chloroplast
Animal cells do not have chloroplast
What does what do the specialised cells have
They all have different functions because they have different structures which allows them to have different functions
What are stem cells
Unspecialised cells which can divide and develop into many different types of specialise cells
What are the stem cells to the body
They are bodies raw material and the cells from which all other cells with specialised functions are generated
Where are stem cells found in what do they include
Stem cells are found in the bone marrow
They include:
Blood cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells or brain cells
What are the different types of specialised cells
Epithelial cells= flat like rectangle
Muscle cells= long and spindle shaped
Nerve cells= very long with branched
ends
Red blood cells= round and biconcave
shaped
See in workbook
What are the functions of the specialised cell
Epithelial cells covered the surface of body for protection
Muscle cells contract and relax to allow the movement within the body
Nerve cells have specialised to transfer electrical impulse in the nerve that coordinate body functions
Red blood cells carry O2️⃣ and CO2️⃣ throughout the body
Unicellular
Organisms that are made up of one cell. Single celled organisms all functions performs are done in this one cell
Multicellular
Organisms that is made up of multiple cells
Specialise cells
Cells that perform a particular function
What’s the difference between microscopic and microscopic organisms
Microscopic organisms are unicellular organisms because they can be seen with a microscope
Microscopic organisms are multicellular organisms because they can be seen with the naked eye
Macroscopic organisms
Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
Red blood cells
What is the form of energy does the sun produce
Radiance energy
What is the form of energy does the sun produce
Radiance energy
What is the form of energy does the sun produce
Radiance energy
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis 
Seen page 7 of natural science grade 8A textbook
What is Embryo
Unborn offspring in the process of development.(early development stage)
Gametes
Reproductive cell
Sperm and egg
Genetic information
Inherited information that is passed down from parent of
Hormones
Chemicals made by glands and is responsible for the activities in the organ.
Pituitary gland
Structure in the brain which produces hormones
Secondary sexual characteristics
Change in the bodies of male and female that happened during puberty
Reproduction
To produce offspring
Menstruation
Breakdown of the lining of the uterus that contains many blood vessels
Ovulation
The release of ripe egg from the ovary
Zygote
Fertilised egg
Implantation
Embryo sinks into the lining of the uterus that contains many blood vessels 
What are the main processes of reproduction
Gross to increase size and cell
Cell division which is the multiplication of cells for growth
Copulation is the sexual intercourse
Ovulation is the release of female gametes from the ovary
The female reproductive system diagram
C after the 14 April 2024 notes 
Male reproductive system diagram
See after 14th April notes in workbook
Male fraternity
Increase age
Smoking
Stress
Poor diet
Excessive exposure of testes to heat
Damage to testes
Female infertility
Damage to ovary
Blockage of fallopian tubes
(Caused by STDs )
Which stand for sexually transmitted diseases
It causes inflation to the eternal parts of body
Diagram of sperm cell
In workbook after June 23 notes
Diagram of egg cell
See in workbook after April 23 notes
Fertilisation of male
Sperm in male testes
Sperm is consistently produced by self division
Composes of head mid piece and tail
Stored in epididymis
Fuses with the egg to form a zygote
Fertilisation of the egg
Formed in female ovary
Produced by cell divisions every 28 days
Is released from the ovary during ovulation
Fertilisation takes place in fallopian tube
Puberty in boys
Deeper voice
Oily skin
Increase in muscle mass
Growth spurt
Wider shoulders
Testosterone
Puberty in girls
Oily skin
Starts of menstruation
Ovulation
Growth of body hair
Oestrogen
Production of egg cells in ovaries
Alveoli
Air sacs where gaseous exchange takes place
Breathing
The flow of air coming in and out of lungs
Gaseous exchange
The exchange of gases between between the blood lungs and the cells
Diffusion
The movement of molecules of a substance when he goes from a high concentration to a low concentration
What does the alveoli consist of
Bronchiolus
Capillary networks
Picture or diagram of respiratory system
Page 24 of text book
Arteries
Blood vessels transporting blood away from the heart
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessel in the circulatory system
Veins
Blood vessels transporting blood towards the heart
What is the main processes of the circulatory system
Circulating blood between the heart and the lungs.
Blood to lungs = low in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide
Blood to heart= low in carbon dioxide and rich in oxygen
The heart pumps oxygen rich blood from the lungs to every living cell in the rest of the body
Gaseous exchange happens when cells do not have enough oxygen
Internal structure of the heart
Consist of four chambers
Two upper chambers which are the atriums
To lower chambers which are the ventricles
Septum is the walls that separate left in the right sides preventing the mixing of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood
Left side = oxygenated blood
Right side = oxygenated blood
These are the ventricles pumping blood
What kind of circulatory system do humans have
A close circulatory system which means the blood remains within the blood vessels
What is the arteries do in the circulatory system
The bring oxygen rich blood from the heart to all the body cells
What did the veins do in the circulatory system
They collect the deoxygenated blood and return it into the heart
What do the capillaries do in the circulatory system
The delicate blood vessels that transport blood between the arteries and veins
What is the difference between arteries capillaries and veins
Arteries transported blood away from heart two tissues
Capillaries transport blood between arteries and veins
Veins transport blood from tissues
Arteries have oxygenated blood
Capillaries have both kind of bloods
Veins have deoxygenated blood
Arteries blood moves at high-pressure
Capillary blood move it lower pressure
Veins blood moves at low pressure
Arteries have no valves
Capillaries have no valves
Veins have blood to prevent backflow due to low pressure
