[MIDTERMS] PCOS LEC - Skin Flashcards
It is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system.
Skin
In an average adult, skin covers the surface in excess of __________.
2 m²
With the exception of the skeletal muscles, the skin is the __________ organ of the body.
Heaviest
Two (2) Types of Skin
- Glabrous Skin
- Hairy Skin
It is the type of skin that found on the palms and soles of the feet, lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands but has very thick epidermis and encapsulated sense organs in the dermis.
Glabrous Skin
It is the type of skin that hair follicles and sebaceous glands are both present, but there are no encapsulated sensory organs.
Hairy Skin
It has large sebaceous glands associated with fine vellus hairs, contrasting sharply with the scalp, which contains large hair follicles.
Facial Skin
Functions of the Skin
• Protection
• Vitamin D Production
• Sensation
• Excretion
• Body Temperature Regulation
It serves as first line of defense against bacteria and viruses.
Protection
It protects underlying structures from UV radiation and dehydration.
Protection
It is needed for calcium absorption.
Vitamin D Production
Sensory Receptors
Sensation
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration.
Excretion
(T/F): If too hot, blood vessels constrict. Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape.
F / Constrict / DILATE
(T/F): If too cold, dermal blood vessels dilate, this prevents heat from escaping.
F / Dilate / CONSTRICT
Three (3) Distinct Layers of the Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
It is an avascular structure, made up of many layers of cells.
Epidermis
The special structure of the epidermis is classified as __________.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
The epidermis is responsible for producing the main barrier known as the __________.
Horny Layer / Stratum Corneum
It forms the outermost part of the epidermis.
Horny Layer / Stratum Corneum
It is made up of water resistant dead cells, called Corneocytes, which are segmented together with complex lipid material.
Horny Layer
Three (3) Lower Living Layers of the Epidermis
- Germinative
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Granulosum
Germinative is also called __________.
Basal Layer
Stratum Spinosum is also called __________.
Prickle Cell Layer
Stratum Granulosum is also called __________.
Granular Layer
It is characterized by the presence of distinctive keratohyalin granules.
Stratum Granulosum / Granular Layer
The dynamic process of epidermal renewal is known as __________.
Keratinization
Due to wear and tear, these cells in the horny layer are lost to the environment in the process called __________.
Desquamation
It functions as the supporting frame to the epidermis, supplying it with nutrients via the blood capillaries.
Dermis
It also supports the sensory nervous system, secretory glands and hair follicles.
Dermis
Composition of Dermis
- Collagen and Elastin
- Ground Substance
- Mast Cells
- Sweat Glands
- Sensory Skin Receptors
It forms the major constituent of the fibrous protein which gives the skin its tensile strength.
Collagen
The collagen fibers make up _____% of the wet weight of the dermis and are arranged largely as interwoven strands or bundles that lie in the plane which is parallel to the skin’s surface.
30%
This is the second type of protein fiber.
Elastin
This makes up smaller percentage and tends to be interwoven among the collagen bundles.
Elastin
It consists of salt, water and glycosaminoglycans.
Ground Substance
The latter form of ground substance complexes with protein molecules known as __________.
Proteoglycans
The Best-Known Examples of Glycosaminoglycans
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Chondroitin Sulfate
It is known to play vital role in the hydration of tissues since it carries with large volume of water.
Hyaluronic Acid
These are the second major cell type in the dermis that can be found close to the small blood vessels.
Mast Cells
The mast cells are responsible for synthesis and secretion which is an anticoagulant.
Heparin
The mast cells are responsible for synthesis and secretion which both have vasoactive properties.
Histamine and Prostaglandins
Below the epidermis is the layer of fatty or adipose tissue called the __________.
Hypodermis
The cells in this layer synthesize and store fast as an energy reserve.
Hypodermis
It helps insulate the body from low external temperatures and to act as buffer against trauma.
Hypodermis
Light, Pale White
Type I
White, Fair
Type II
Medium, White to Olive
Type III
Olive, Moderate Brown
Type IV
Brown, Dark Brown
Type V
Brown, Very Dark, Brown to Black
Type VI
A type of skin that always burns – never tans.
Type I
A type of skin that burns easily – tans minimally.
Type II
A type of skin that burns moderately – tans gradually to light brown.
Type III
A type of skin that burns minimally – tans well to moderately brown.
Type IV
A type of skin that rarely burns – tans profusely to dark brown.
Type V
A type of skin that never burns – tans profusely.
Type VI
This skin is neither too dry nor too oily. It has regular texture, no imperfections and clean, soft appearance, and does not need special care.
Normal Skin
Its signs and symptoms may vary depending on different factors such as age, health status or their cause. It is generally characterized by feeling of tightness and roughness. It may also acquire an ashy gray color, with occurrence of desquamation, itching, redness and small cracks.
Dry Skin
It has porous, humid and bright appearance. It is caused by excessive fat production by sebaceous glands, and usually determined by genetic and/or hormonal causes.
Oily Skin
Based on its location, it presents characteristics of both dry and oily skin since the distribution of sebaceous and sweat glands is not homogenous.
Combination Skin
It is more prone to react to stimuli to which normal skin has no reaction. It is fragile skin, usually accompanied by feelings of discomfort, such as heat, tightness, and redness or itching.
Sensitive Skin
A facial care product that is used to remove make-up, dead skin cells, oil, dirt, and other types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This helps to unclog pores and prevent skin conditions such as acne.
Cleansers
It is the first step in skin care regimen and can be used in addition of toner and moisturizer.
Cleansers
The skin’s surface pH is on average _____.
4
Usually contain emulsifiers and natural oils to effectively lock moisture in, while eliminating impurities and preventing skin inflammation in the process.
Cream Cleansers
It works by removing the excess and unnecessary oil from the skin’s surface, preventing the formation of acne in the process.
Foam Cleansers
A type of multi-purpose face wash that can help wash away normal dirt and debris as well as hard-to-remove makeup—all while helping to moisturize the skin.
Oil Cleansers
A different texture than foaming cleansers and are usually thicker and provide small (if any) amount of foaming. They provide lighter cleaning experience, which makes them ideal for sensitive skin types.
Gel Cleansers
It is the process of removing dead skin cells from the surface of your skin using the chemical, granular substance, etc…
Exfoliator
Your skin naturally sheds dead skin cells to make room for new cells every __________ or so.
30 Days
Two (2) Types of Exfoliation
- Mechanical Exfoliation
- Chemical Exfoliation
This process involves physically scrubbing the skin with an abrasive.
Mechanical Exfoliation
It may involve the use of products that contain alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), or enzymes that act to loosen the glue-like substance that holds the cells together, allowing them to ease away.
Chemical Exfoliation
These are used to address specific skin concerns such as acne, dark spots, hyperpigmentation, fine lines and inflammation.
Treatments
Four (4) Most Common Active Ingredients in Treatments
- Retinoids
- Topical Steroids
- Salicylic Acid
- Benzoyl Peroxide
Example/s of Retinoids
• Tretinoin
• Adapalene
These are usually contain antioxidants, which help fight free radical damage.
Serums
They are best used after your cleanser, and they can be used underneath moisturizer to treat the skin while sleeping.
Serums
This remove the outer layer of the skin, which means they tend to go deeper to remove more excess dead skin cells than exfoliators.
Chemical Peel
It shrinks pores and restores skin to its natural pH balance.
Toners
A product that adds water, and often some emollients, to the skin.
Moisturizer
Ingredients of Moisturizer
- Humectant
- Emollient
- Occlusive
An ingredient in skin or hair products that draws moisture from the air to moisturize the skin and also promotes the retention of moisture in the skin.
Humectant
A skin conditioning agent which helps maintain the smooth, soft paliable appearance of the skin.
Emollient
Substances that hold strongly to the surface of the skin, preventing access to the air and increasing absorption of cosmetic treatments.
Occlusives
A lotion, spray, gel, foam, stick or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thus helps protect against sunburn.
Sunscreen
Two (2) Types of Sunscreen
- Physical Sunscreen
- Chemical Sunscreen
A type of sunscreen that stays on the surface of the skin and mainly deflect the UV light.
Physical Sunscreen
A type of sunscreen which absorb the UV light.
Chemical Sunscreen
