[MIDTERMS] PCOS LEC - Oral Care Products

Question 1

__________ represent smaller section of the cosmetic industry when compared to skin and hair cosmetics.

Answer 1

Dental Care Products

Question 2

(T/F): It is important and worthwhile to emphasize that, despite the wide range of products and significant investments in advertising made by manufacturers, the per-capita use of oral care products is still lower than recommended by health professionals.

Answer 2

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Question 3

The __________ includes the lips, buccal mucosa, salivary glands, gums, teeth, palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth.

Answer 3

Human Oral Cavity

Question 4

Humans have __________ that start to appear at about 6 years old.

Answer 4

32 Permanent Teeth

Question 5

__________ plays an important role in biting, tearing, and grinding of solid foods as well as in speaking. They play an important role in an individual’s self-esteem and quality of life.

Answer 5

Teeth

Question 6

Three (3) Major Parts of Human Tooth

Answer 6

1. Crown
2. Root
3. Neck

Question 7

__________ is the mucosa that covers the upper and lower jaws and surrounds the neck of the teeth.

Answer 7

Gingiva

Question 8

The __________ contains the pulp—the soft connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels.

Answer 8

Dental Cavity

Question 9

Three (3) Hard Substances of Each Tooth

Answer 9

1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Cement

Question 10

It is the hardest substance in the human body; it is the white outer part of the tooth. Its function is to prevent the tooth from wearing away under the pressure of chewing.

Answer 10

Enamel

Question 11

It forms the largest portion of the tooth; it is yellowish bone-like layer surrounding the dental cavity.

Answer 11

Dentin

Question 12

At the root, dentin is covered by the __________, which is special connective tissue.

Answer 12

Cementum

Question 13

It is the process of removing mineral ions from HA crystals of hard tissues. This is the chemical dissolution of dental calcium and phosphate.

Answer 13

Demineralization

Question 14

A chemical demineralization of teeth is caused by __________.

Answer 14

Acidic Attack

Question 15

(T/F): Under normal conditions, closer to pH 5, such as periods between meals, the enamel tends to reacquire mineral ions from the saliva and minor carious lesions may be repaired.

Answer 15

F / pH 5 / pH 7

Question 16

A sticky, colorless film of bacteria and sugars that constantly forms on our teeth.

Answer 16

Plaque

Question 17

It is also known as “Tooth Decay and Cavities”

Answer 17

Dental Caries

Question 18

A universal problem affecting all ages and all geographic locations around the world. It can be defined as disease resulting in the breakdown and destruction of the enamel due to demineralization (i.e., loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel). It appears as tiny brown holes on the surface of the teeth.

Answer 18

Dental Caries

Question 19

It is also known as “Dental Calculus”

Answer 19

Tartar

Question 20

A plaque that is hardened (calcified) on the teeth. It can also form beneath the gums and can irritate the gum tissues.

Answer 20

Tartar

Question 21

It is also known as “Periodontal Disease”

Answer 21

Gum Disease

Question 22

An infection of the gums that can progress to affect the bone that surrounds and supports the teeth. It is the major cause of teeth loss among adults. This disease is caused by plaque formation. Plaque can be removed by regular brushing and flossing; however, if not removed, it can eventually lead to infection and inflammation.

Answer 22

Gum Disease

Question 23

It is also known as “Oral Malodor” or “Halitosis”

Answer 23

Bad Breath

Question 24

These bacteria are influenced by eating, drinking, oral hygiene, and sleep. Saliva production in the mouth facilitates the clearing away of bacteria.

Answer 24

Bad Breath

Question 25

It is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, periodontal (gum) diseases and bad breath.

Answer 25

Oral Hygiene

Question 26

(T/F): The purpose of oral hygiene is to prevent the build-up of plaque, the sticky film of bacteria and food that forms on the teeth.

Answer 26

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Question 27

(T/F): The formation of caries (tooth decay) is attributed to the action of acids obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. The build-up of plaque on the tooth surface usually aids the decay process by forming pockets or crevices on the teeth surface.

Answer 27

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Question 28

Two (2) Approaches to Caries Prevention

Answer 28

1. Flossing 2. Brushing

Question 29

It is also known as "Oral Dentifrice"

Answer 29

Toothpaste

Question 30

A paste or gel designed to help remove plaque and stains from the teeth and keep the breath fresh. It improves the mechanical brushing and cleaning power of toothbrush. It typically contains abrasive ingredients, coloring, flavoring, sweetener, as well as other ingredients that make the toothpaste to be smooth paste, foam, and stay moist.

Answer 30

Toothpaste

Question 31

It is also known as "Mouthwash"

Answer 31

Oral Rinse

Question 32

A liquid designed to refresh the breath and enhance oral hygiene. It is intended for use after brushing to provide more effective cleaning effect.

Answer 32

Oral Rinse

Question 33

Spray directly into mouth whenever relief is needed.

Answer 33

Mouth Spray

Question 34

It can help to stimulate saliva flow for relief of dry mouth. Chewing regularly can help freshen breath and leave your mouth feeling clean and fresh.

Answer 34

Dry Mouth Gum

Question 35

It is prescribed high-concentrated topical agent (1% to 2%) intended either for applications in professional plastic or disposal trays 2-4 times per year or self-applied with aid of toothbrush once or twice per week.

Answer 35

Fluoride Gel

Question 36

A tooth whitener. A mild anti-septic, also called urea hydrogen peroxide, perhydrit, hyperol, or perhydol, is an addition complex of hydrogen peroxide with urea, which has mild effect.

Answer 36

Carbamide Peroxide

Question 37

Use approximately 16 inches of dental floss. Pull 4 to 5 inches of floss through the loop of the threader.

Answer 37

Floss Threader

Question 38

The __________ gently massage and stimulate the gums for long-term health. It can also be used to remove food particles stuck between your teeth.

Answer 38

GUM Soft-Picks Teeth Cleaners

Question 39

The __________ is clinically proven to be 2 times as effective as string floss at improving gum health.

Answer 39

Waterpik Ultra Water Flosser (WP-100)

Question 40

It is also known as "Mottled Enamel"

Answer 40

Dental Fluorosis

Question 41

(T/F): Fluoride decreases the solubility of enamel in acid. Fluoride has enzyme inhibitory properties.

Answer 41

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Question 42

It occurs as white, odorless powder which is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is officially used as dental prophylactic.

Answer 42

Sodium Fluoride USP XX

Question 43

It is also known as "Tin Difluoride"

Answer 43

Stannous Fluoride USP XX

Question 44

It occurs as white crystalline powder and has bitter salty taste. It melts at about 213 degrees Celsius. It is extensively used for topical fluoride application.

Answer 44

Stannous Fluoride USP XX

Question 45

It is also known as "Pumice Stone" and "Piedra Pomez"

Answer 45

Pumice USP XX

Question 46

A substance of volcanic origin; consisting chiefly of complex silicates of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It occurs as very light, hard, rough, porous grayish masses, or as gritty gray powder. It is odorless and tasteless; stable in air; practically insoluble in water and is not attacked by acids.

Answer 46

Pumice USP XX

Question 47

Three (3) Grades of Fineness

Answer 47

1. Pumice Flour or Superfine 2. Fine Pumice 3. Coarse Pumice

Question 48

The Probable Toxic Dose (PTD) of Fluoride.

Answer 48

5 mg F/kg of Body Weight

Question 49

"Low Fluoride" toothpastes for small children with fluoride concentrations from __________.

Answer 49

0.025% to 0.05%

Question 50

Two (2) Types of Local Toxicity

Answer 50

1. Mechanical Abrasion 2. Soft Tissue Reaction

Question 51

A paste or gel dentifrice used with toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. It is used to promote oral hygiene; it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients to help prevent tooth decay and gum disease.

Answer 51

Toothpaste

Question 52

It can be produced to high state of purity giving excellent compatibility with therapeutic additives and flavours. Clear gels can be formulated by carefully matching the refractive indices of silica used with the liquid phase of the toothpaste. Silica can also give additional thickening properties to the dental cream if extremely fine particle sizes are used (silica thickeners). When used in toothpastes, silica is generally incorporated at levels between 10% and 30%.

Answer 52

Dental Grade Silica

Question 53

One of the most commonly used dental cream abrasives, perhaps because it gives good flavour stability. The main drawback is that it is only fully compatible with sodium monofluorophosphate as the fluoride source because of the presence of free calcium ions. The abrasive is usually formulated at levels between 40% and 50% to give relatively dense toothpaste.

Answer 53

Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD)

Question 54

It is available with white or off-white colour and both particle size and crystalline form can be varied, depending upon its conditions of manufacture.

Answer 54

Calcium Carbonate

Question 55

A unique salty mouth-feel. A very mild abrasive, usually used at 5% to 30% level, in combination with other abrasives such as silica or calcium carbonate to achieve the required cleaning action. It is used as the sole abrasive agent in some products, but the high formula level needed to obtain cleaning (50% to 70%) does give rise to negative taste which may be objectionable.

Answer 55

Sodium Bicarbonate

Question 56

It is relatively inert, cost-effective, and available as white amorphous solid. It has good compatibility with sodium monofluorophosphate and other ingredients added to give therapeutic benefit. The abrasive is usually formulated at levels between 40% and 50% to give relatively dense paste.

Answer 56

Hydrated Alumina

Question 57

These are used in the toothpaste to aid in the penetration of the surface film on the tooth by lowering the surface tension. They also provide the secondary benefits of providing foam to suspend and remove the debris, and the subjective perception of toothpaste performance.

Answer 57

Surfactants

Question 58

This has been the main surfactant of choice, used in nearly all toothpaste brands across the globe, throughout the past two decades.

Answer 58

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Question 59

These are used to prevent the paste from drying out and hardening to an unacceptable level.

Answer 59

Humectants

Question 60

It is still the humectant used in greatest bulk quantity in toothpaste. It is one of the best humectants, producing shiny, glossy product. It is stable, non-toxic, available from both synthetic and natural sources, and provides useful sweetening function to the paste.

Answer 60

Glycerin

Question 61

It is also extensively used throughout the industry and is sometimes considered superior to glycerin depending upon the formulation. It also imparts sweetness, and is stable humectant.

Answer 61

Sorbitol

Question 62

Like sorbitol, it occurs naturally with relative sweetness that equates to sugar. However, its current use in toothpaste is to augment the anti-caries of fluoride.

Answer 62

Xylitol

Question 63

These are hydrophilic colloids which disperse and swell in the water phase of the toothpaste and are necessary to maintain the integral stability of the paste and prevent separation into component phases. They are probably the most widely variable components of toothpaste and the choice of this can greatly influence the dispersibility of the paste in the mouth, the generation of foam and, above all, the release of the flavour components.

Answer 63

Gelling Agents

Question 64

One of the preferred gelling agent in toothpaste. This can give flexibility in terms of solubility, elasticity, and some increased stability in the presence of electrolytes.

Answer 64

Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Question 65

This is the generic name for gelling agents derived from the harvesting and extraction from seaweed, Chrondrus crispus. It is the purified colloid, consisting of mixture of sulfated polysaccharides.

Answer 65

Carrageenan

Question 66

Four (4) Miscellaneous Gelling Agents

Answer 66

1. Xanthan 2. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose 3. Synthetic Polymers 4. Clays

Question 67

A polysaccharide produced by fermentation technology. It offers excellent properties for use in toothpaste since it gives highly structured gel, relatively easily broken down when sheared, but which recovers rapidly.

Answer 67

Xanthan

Question 68

This is occasionally used as an alternative to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), especially when greater electrolyte tolerance is required.

Answer 68

Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

Question 69

The crosslinked acrylic acid polymers have become more intensively used in the past decade because of their useful thickening and suspending properties combined with their inertness and their stability to heat and ageing.

Answer 69

Synthetic Polymers

Question 70

The colloidal clays, either natural processed bentonites or synthetic clays, have been used as binding agents because of their thixotropic properties.

Answer 70

Clays

Question 71

These are important for product acceptance, since the final product must be neither too sweet nor too bitter.

Answer 71

Sweetening Agents

Question 72

This is the sweetening agent in widest commercial use, and is generally used at level between 0.05% and 0.5% by weight.

Answer 72

Sodium Saccharin

Question 73

A blend of many suitable oils, with peppermint and spearmint being the major base components. These are nearly always fortified with other components such as thymol, anethole, menthol (to give pleasant cooling effect), eugenol (clove oil), cinnamon, eucalyptol, aniseed, and wintergreen (to give medicinal effect).

Answer 73

Flavours

Question 74

It may be added to give additional whiteness and brilliance to the paste.

Answer 74

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

Question 75

It can be an integral part of the aspect of any toothpaste that may influence consumer preference and purchase intent.

Answer 75

Colours

Question 76

Occasionally buffering systems need to be added to the dental cream to adjust the pH of the final finished product.

Answer 76

pH Regulators

Question 77

These ingredients were included in toothpaste to provide the consumer with tactile stimuli when brushing, differentiating it from other products in the category and supporting the consumer advertising.

Answer 77

Sparkles

Question 78

Five (5) Ingredients of Mouthwash

Answer 78

1. Alcohol 2. Flavours 3. Humectants 4. Surfactants 5. Fluoride and Other Ingredients

Question 79

This serves variety of functions, acting as preservative, and enhancing the flavour impact of the product. It can be used at levels varying between 5% and 25% by weight of the product, depending upon the consumer target (i.e., children's rinse products may contain minimal quantities).

Answer 79

Alcohol

Question 80

It blends of similar style to toothpastes are often chosen, and saccharin is the most widely used sweetening agent.

Answer 80

Flavours

Question 81

They increase the viscosity of the liquid with mouthrinse, and result in good mouth-feel after product usage.

Answer 81

Humectants

Question 82

This have slightly different role in mouthrinse in that they are necessary to solubilize the flavour oils and give stability to the mouthrinse. They also provide some foaming for the product.

Answer 82

Surfactants

Question 83

This includes Fluoride, Pyrophosphate Ions, Triclosan, Chlorhexidene, Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride, Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium Ions and others.

Answer 83

Fluoride and Other Ingredients

Question 84

It include colours and sweeteners. It is also advisable to add small amount of preservative to prevent or inhibit bacterial growth since mouthrinse is predominantly water.

Answer 84

Minor Ingredients

Question 85

(T/F): The presence of alcohol obviously gives major preserving action, but this is often supplemented with sodium benzoate or some other preservative.

Answer 85

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