[MIDTERMS] PCOS LEC - Oral Care Products Flashcards
__________ represent smaller section of the cosmetic industry when compared to skin and hair cosmetics.
Dental Care Products
(T/F): It is important and worthwhile to emphasize that, despite the wide range of products and significant investments in advertising made by manufacturers, the per-capita use of oral care products is still lower than recommended by health professionals.
T
The __________ includes the lips, buccal mucosa, salivary glands, gums, teeth, palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth.
Human Oral Cavity
Humans have __________ that start to appear at about 6 years old.
32 Permanent Teeth
__________ plays an important role in biting, tearing, and grinding of solid foods as well as in speaking. They play an important role in an individual’s self-esteem and quality of life.
Teeth
Three (3) Major Parts of Human Tooth
- Crown
- Root
- Neck
__________ is the mucosa that covers the upper and lower jaws and surrounds the neck of the teeth.
Gingiva
The __________ contains the pulp—the soft connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels.
Dental Cavity
Three (3) Hard Substances of Each Tooth
- Enamel
- Dentin
- Cement
It is the hardest substance in the human body; it is the white outer part of the tooth. Its function is to prevent the tooth from wearing away under the pressure of chewing.
Enamel
It forms the largest portion of the tooth; it is yellowish bone-like layer surrounding the dental cavity.
Dentin
At the root, dentin is covered by the __________, which is special connective tissue.
Cementum
It is the process of removing mineral ions from HA crystals of hard tissues. This is the chemical dissolution of dental calcium and phosphate.
Demineralization
A chemical demineralization of teeth is caused by __________.
Acidic Attack
(T/F): Under normal conditions, closer to pH 5, such as periods between meals, the enamel tends to reacquire mineral ions from the saliva and minor carious lesions may be repaired.
F / pH 5 / pH 7
A sticky, colorless film of bacteria and sugars that constantly forms on our teeth.
Plaque
It is also known as “Tooth Decay and Cavities”
Dental Caries
A universal problem affecting all ages and all geographic locations around the world. It can be defined as disease resulting in the breakdown and destruction of the enamel due to demineralization (i.e., loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel). It appears as tiny brown holes on the surface of the teeth.
Dental Caries
It is also known as “Dental Calculus”
Tartar
A plaque that is hardened (calcified) on the teeth. It can also form beneath the gums and can irritate the gum tissues.
Tartar
It is also known as “Periodontal Disease”
Gum Disease
An infection of the gums that can progress to affect the bone that surrounds and supports the teeth. It is the major cause of teeth loss among adults. This disease is caused by plaque formation. Plaque can be removed by regular brushing and flossing; however, if not removed, it can eventually lead to infection and inflammation.
Gum Disease
It is also known as “Oral Malodor” or “Halitosis”
Bad Breath
These bacteria are influenced by eating, drinking, oral hygiene, and sleep. Saliva production in the mouth facilitates the clearing away of bacteria.
Bad Breath
It is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, periodontal (gum) diseases and bad breath.
Oral Hygiene
(T/F): The purpose of oral hygiene is to prevent the build-up of plaque, the sticky film of bacteria and food that forms on the teeth.
T
(T/F): The formation of caries (tooth decay) is attributed to the action of acids obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates. The build-up of plaque on the tooth surface usually aids the decay process by forming pockets or crevices on the teeth surface.
T
Two (2) Approaches to Caries Prevention
- Flossing
- Brushing
It is also known as “Oral Dentifrice”
Toothpaste
A paste or gel designed to help remove plaque and stains from the teeth and keep the breath fresh. It improves the mechanical brushing and cleaning power of toothbrush. It typically contains abrasive ingredients, coloring, flavoring, sweetener, as well as other ingredients that make the toothpaste to be smooth paste, foam, and stay moist.
Toothpaste
It is also known as “Mouthwash”
Oral Rinse
A liquid designed to refresh the breath and enhance oral hygiene. It is intended for use after brushing to provide more effective cleaning effect.
Oral Rinse
Spray directly into mouth whenever relief is needed.
Mouth Spray
It can help to stimulate saliva flow for relief of dry mouth. Chewing regularly can help freshen breath and leave your mouth feeling clean and fresh.
Dry Mouth Gum
It is prescribed high-concentrated topical agent (1% to 2%) intended either for applications in professional plastic or disposal trays 2-4 times per year or self-applied with aid of toothbrush once or twice per week.
Fluoride Gel
A tooth whitener. A mild anti-septic, also called urea hydrogen peroxide, perhydrit, hyperol, or perhydol, is an addition complex of hydrogen peroxide with urea, which has mild effect.
Carbamide Peroxide
Use approximately 16 inches of dental floss. Pull 4 to 5 inches of floss through the loop of the threader.
Floss Threader
The __________ gently massage and stimulate the gums for long-term health. It can also be used to remove food particles stuck between your teeth.
GUM Soft-Picks Teeth Cleaners
The __________ is clinically proven to be 2 times as effective as string floss at improving gum health.
Waterpik Ultra Water Flosser (WP-100)
It is also known as “Mottled Enamel”
Dental Fluorosis
(T/F): Fluoride decreases the solubility of enamel in acid. Fluoride has enzyme inhibitory properties.
T
It occurs as white, odorless powder which is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. It is officially used as dental prophylactic.
Sodium Fluoride USP XX
It is also known as “Tin Difluoride”
Stannous Fluoride USP XX
It occurs as white crystalline powder and has bitter salty taste. It melts at about 213 degrees Celsius. It is extensively used for topical fluoride application.
Stannous Fluoride USP XX
It is also known as “Pumice Stone” and “Piedra Pomez”
Pumice USP XX
A substance of volcanic origin; consisting chiefly of complex silicates of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It occurs as very light, hard, rough, porous grayish masses, or as gritty gray powder. It is odorless and tasteless; stable in air; practically insoluble in water and is not attacked by acids.
Pumice USP XX
Three (3) Grades of Fineness
- Pumice Flour or Superfine
- Fine Pumice
- Coarse Pumice
The Probable Toxic Dose (PTD) of Fluoride.
5 mg F/kg of Body Weight
“Low Fluoride” toothpastes for small children with fluoride concentrations from __________.
0.025% to 0.05%
Two (2) Types of Local Toxicity
- Mechanical Abrasion
- Soft Tissue Reaction
A paste or gel dentifrice used with toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. It is used to promote oral hygiene; it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients to help prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
Toothpaste
It can be produced to high state of purity giving excellent compatibility with therapeutic additives and flavours. Clear gels can be formulated by carefully matching the refractive indices of silica used with the liquid phase of the toothpaste. Silica can also give additional thickening properties to the dental cream if extremely fine particle sizes are used (silica thickeners). When used in toothpastes, silica is generally incorporated at levels between 10% and 30%.
Dental Grade Silica
One of the most commonly used dental cream abrasives, perhaps because it gives good flavour stability. The main drawback is that it is only fully compatible with sodium monofluorophosphate as the fluoride source because of the presence of free calcium ions. The abrasive is usually formulated at levels between 40% and 50% to give relatively dense toothpaste.
Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate (DCPD)
It is available with white or off-white colour and both particle size and crystalline form can be varied, depending upon its conditions of manufacture.
Calcium Carbonate
A unique salty mouth-feel. A very mild abrasive, usually used at 5% to 30% level, in combination with other abrasives such as silica or calcium carbonate to achieve the required cleaning action. It is used as the sole abrasive agent in some products, but the high formula level needed to obtain cleaning (50% to 70%) does give rise to negative taste which may be objectionable.
Sodium Bicarbonate
It is relatively inert, cost-effective, and available as white amorphous solid. It has good compatibility with sodium monofluorophosphate and other ingredients added to give therapeutic benefit. The abrasive is usually formulated at levels between 40% and 50% to give relatively dense paste.
Hydrated Alumina
These are used in the toothpaste to aid in the penetration of the surface film on the tooth by lowering the surface tension. They also provide the secondary benefits of providing foam to suspend and remove the debris, and the subjective perception of toothpaste performance.
Surfactants
This has been the main surfactant of choice, used in nearly all toothpaste brands across the globe, throughout the past two decades.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
These are used to prevent the paste from drying out and hardening to an unacceptable level.
Humectants
It is still the humectant used in greatest bulk quantity in toothpaste. It is one of the best humectants, producing shiny, glossy product. It is stable, non-toxic, available from both synthetic and natural sources, and provides useful sweetening function to the paste.
Glycerin
It is also extensively used throughout the industry and is sometimes considered superior to glycerin depending upon the formulation. It also imparts sweetness, and is stable humectant.
Sorbitol
Like sorbitol, it occurs naturally with relative sweetness that equates to sugar. However, its current use in toothpaste is to augment the anti-caries of fluoride.
Xylitol
These are hydrophilic colloids which disperse and swell in the water phase of the toothpaste and are necessary to maintain the integral stability of the paste and prevent separation into component phases. They are probably the most widely variable components of toothpaste and the choice of this can greatly influence the dispersibility of the paste in the mouth, the generation of foam and, above all, the release of the flavour components.
Gelling Agents
One of the preferred gelling agent in toothpaste. This can give flexibility in terms of solubility, elasticity, and some increased stability in the presence of electrolytes.
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose
This is the generic name for gelling agents derived from the harvesting and extraction from seaweed, Chrondrus crispus. It is the purified colloid, consisting of mixture of sulfated polysaccharides.
Carrageenan
Four (4) Miscellaneous Gelling Agents
- Xanthan
- Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
- Synthetic Polymers
- Clays
A polysaccharide produced by fermentation technology. It offers excellent properties for use in toothpaste since it gives highly structured gel, relatively easily broken down when sheared, but which recovers rapidly.
Xanthan
This is occasionally used as an alternative to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), especially when greater electrolyte tolerance is required.
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose
The crosslinked acrylic acid polymers have become more intensively used in the past decade because of their useful thickening and suspending properties combined with their inertness and their stability to heat and ageing.
Synthetic Polymers
The colloidal clays, either natural processed bentonites or synthetic clays, have been used as binding agents because of their thixotropic properties.
Clays
These are important for product acceptance, since the final product must be neither too sweet nor too bitter.
Sweetening Agents
This is the sweetening agent in widest commercial use, and is generally used at level between 0.05% and 0.5% by weight.
Sodium Saccharin
A blend of many suitable oils, with peppermint and spearmint being the major base components. These are nearly always fortified with other components such as thymol, anethole, menthol (to give pleasant cooling effect), eugenol (clove oil), cinnamon, eucalyptol, aniseed, and wintergreen (to give medicinal effect).
Flavours
It may be added to give additional whiteness and brilliance to the paste.
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
It can be an integral part of the aspect of any toothpaste that may influence consumer preference and purchase intent.
Colours
Occasionally buffering systems need to be added to the dental cream to adjust the pH of the final finished product.
pH Regulators
These ingredients were included in toothpaste to provide the consumer with tactile stimuli when brushing, differentiating it from other products in the category and supporting the consumer advertising.
Sparkles
Five (5) Ingredients of Mouthwash
- Alcohol
- Flavours
- Humectants
- Surfactants
- Fluoride and Other Ingredients
This serves variety of functions, acting as preservative, and enhancing the flavour impact of the product. It can be used at levels varying between 5% and 25% by weight of the product, depending upon the consumer target (i.e., children’s rinse products may contain minimal quantities).
Alcohol
It blends of similar style to toothpastes are often chosen, and saccharin is the most widely used sweetening agent.
Flavours
They increase the viscosity of the liquid with mouthrinse, and result in good mouth-feel after product usage.
Humectants
This have slightly different role in mouthrinse in that they are necessary to solubilize the flavour oils and give stability to the mouthrinse. They also provide some foaming for the product.
Surfactants
This includes Fluoride, Pyrophosphate Ions, Triclosan, Chlorhexidene, Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride, Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium Ions and others.
Fluoride and Other Ingredients
It include colours and sweeteners. It is also advisable to add small amount of preservative to prevent or inhibit bacterial growth since mouthrinse is predominantly water.
Minor Ingredients
(T/F): The presence of alcohol obviously gives major preserving action, but this is often supplemented with sodium benzoate or some other preservative.
T
