Midterms Part2 Flashcards
attached alternately or in a spiral
along a stem with one leaf per node.
Alternate arrangement-
two leaves attached at each node.
Opposite arrangement-
- three or more leaves occur at a node
Whorled
- arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet blade.
Venation
one primary vein called the midvein which is included in a large midrib; secondary vein branch from the midvein.
Pinnately veined:
several primary veins tan out of the base of the blade. They are more or less parallel to one another in monocots and diverge from one another in dicots.
Palmately veined:
The branching arrangement of veins in dicots is called _______
netted or reticulate venation.
In a few leaves (e.g. those of Gingko), no midvein or other large veins are present. Instead, they have ___________ (veins fork evenly and progressively from the base of the blade to the opposite margin).
dichotomous venation
Three Regions
● Epidermis
● Mesophyll
● Veins (vascular bundles in roots and stems)
True or false:
The photosynthetic tissue, called mesophyll, is often arranged into palisade and spongy layers.
True
What does The photosynthetic tissue, called
mesophyll
True or false:
Veins branch throughout the mesophyll.
True
: single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf.
Epidermis
The lower surface of the blade can be distinguished from the upper epidermis by the presence of tiny pores called ____
stomata
Wavy, undulating walls of epidermal cells often resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitted together. Except for ____
guard cells.
True or false:
The upper epidermal cells for the most part contain chloroplasts, they function only in protecting delicate tissues to the interior.
False- do not contain
waxy coating that’s normally present although it may not be visible with ordinary light microscopes without being specially stained.
Cutin (cuticle):
: different types of these may also be present in the epidermis.
Glands
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
Glands
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
Glands
Glands occur in the form of ______, _________, ____________, either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
depressions, protuberances, or appendages
Glands often secrete ________
sticky substances.
True or false:
Sunflower: 1-2 million of
these throughout its lower epidermis.
False-2 million
Perforates the lower epidermis.
Stomata
two sausage- or dumbbell-shaped cells that are smaller than most of the neighboring epidermal cells.
Gourd cells
Inflate:
stomata are open.
- is where most of photosynthesis occurs. Located between two epidermal layers.
Mesophyll
Deflate: When water in the guard cells
decreases, what does it means?
stomata are close
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
True or false:
As the guard cells inflate or deflate with changes in the amount of water within the cells, their unique construction causes the stomata to open
True
Originate from the same parental cell.
● Part of the epidermis but unlike most of the other
cells of the epidermis, they contain chloroplast
Gourd cells
lower, loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air between them, contains numerous chloroplasts.
Spongy Mesophyll-
Deflate: stomata are close;
water in the guard cells
decreases.
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
Gives the leaf its “skeleton”.
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
Found in the outer parts of the stems of herbaceous plants as well as in leaves.
Parenchyma tissue with chloroplasts
Consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded
by a bundle sheath (jacket of thicker-walled
parenchyma cells)
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
Veins gives the leaf its “______”
skeleton
What does Phloem do to sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
Phloem transports sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
What does xylem do throughout the plant?
xylem transports water.
Scattered throughout the mesophyll
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
- veins run in all directions
Dicots
- parallel veins, do not have the mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy layers.
Monocots
Thinner and have fewer well-defined mesophyll
layers and fewer chloroplasts.
● Do not have as many hairs.
Shade Leaves
Limited availability of water, wide temperature ranges, high light intensities developed adaptations of plants to allow the, to thrive.
Leaves of Arid Regions
Receive less total light needed for photosynthesis
Shade Leaves
Submerged leaves of plants that grow in water usually have considerably less xylem than phloem, and the mesophyll, not differentiated into palisade & spongy layers, has large air spaces.
Leaves of Aquatic Areas
Tend to be larger than their counterparts in the sun.
Shade Leaves
Many have thick, leathery leaves and fewer stomata, or stomata are sunken below the surface in special depressions-reduce water loss through transpiration
Leaves of Arid Regions
Sudden, rapid growth of cells on the opposite side and starts curling in the direction of contact within a minute or two when
you lightly stroke it.
Healthy tendrils
True or false:
As the tendrils develop, they become coiled like a spring
True
Collenchyma cells:
impart flexibility
Sclerenchyma cells:
provide rigid support.
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
: spinelike objects arising in the axils of
leaves of woody plants are modified stems rather
than modified leaves
Thorns
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Non-photosynthetic
Large, thin-walled parenchyma cells without chloroplasts to the interior or chlorenchyma tissue just beneath the epidermis. Non-photosynthetic cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Storage Leaves
, an epiphyte, from Australasia, develop into urlike pouches that become the home of ant colonies.
Dischdia
True or false:
Ants carry in soil and add nitrogenous wastes, while moisture collects in the leaves through condensation of the water vapor coming from the mesophyll through stomata- good growing medium for roots.
True
Carpetweed Family- ice-cream cone-shaped leaves that are about 3.75 cm and are buried in the sand; only a dime sized wide end of the « leaf is exposed at the surface-covered with a relatively transparent, thick epidermis with a few stomata and waxy cuticle.
Window leave
The succulent leaves of air plants have little notches along the leaf margins in which tiny
plantlets are produced, complete with roots and leaves, even
after a leaf has been removed from the parent plant.
Reproductive leaves
Found at the base of flowers or flower stalks.
Floral leaves (bracts)
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
Tiny, measuring 2.5 to 5.0 cm in diameter.
Sundews
Constructed along the line of old fashioned steep trap.
Venus Flytraps
Covered with up to 200 upright, glandular hairs that look like miniature clubs.
Sundews
Submerged and floating in the shallow water along the margins of lakes and streams, have finely dissected leaves with tiny bladders
Bladderworts
Four curled but stiff hair at one end of the trapdoor act as triggers when an insect touches one of them.
Bladderworts
The two halves of the blade have the appearance of being hinged along the midrib, with stiff, hairlike projections along their margins.
Venus Flytraps
Clear glistening drop of sticky fluid containing digestive enzymes at the tip of each hair.
Sundews
Three tiny trigger hairs on the inner surface of each half.
Venus Flytraps
The chloroplasts of mature leaves contain several groups of pigments, such as green chlorophylls and ____ which include yellow carotenes and pale yellow
carotenoids,
More chlorophyll than other pigments is present, and the intense green color of the chlorophylls masks or hides the presence of ____
carotenes
_____, the more common of the two groups, are red if the cell sap is slightly acidic, blue if it is slightly alkaline and of intermediate shades if it is neutral. Betacyanins are usually red.
Anthocyanins
What color brings out if the cell sap is slightly acidic,
red
What color brings out if it is slightly alkaline
blue
What color brings out if it is neutral.
intermediate shades
Betacyanins are usually what color
red
leaves drop seasonally
Deciduous:
: process by which the leaves are shed.
Abscission
What happens as the leaf ages,
hormonal changes take place and at least two layers of cells become differentiated
Closest to the stem, protective layer cells become coated and impregnated with _____
True or false:
In response to any several environmental changes (lowering temperatures, decreasing day lengths or light intensities, lack of adequate water, or damage to the leaf), the pectins in the middle lamella of the cells of the separation layer are broken down by enzymes.
True
True or false:
Any color or combination of colors of the rainbow, as well as black or white
True
True or false:
Flowers may have any texture, from filmy and transparent to thick and leathery, from spongy to sticky, hairy, prickly, or even dewy wet to the touch:
True
- take two growing seasons to complete the cycle.
Biennials
True or false:
Flowers of many trees, shrubs and garden weeds are quite Inconspicuous and lack odor but flowers are, strikingly beautiful.
True
True or false:
In annuals, the cycle is completed in a single season and ends with the death of the parent plant.
True
- may take several to many growing seasons to go from a germinated seed to a plant producing new seeds they may also produce flowers on new growth that dies back each winter, while other parts of the plant may persist indefinitely.
Perennials
Two Major Classes:
Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)- dicots. Liliopsida (Monocotyledonae)- monocots.
Fours of fives or multiples of four or fives
Dicots
Two cotyledons
Dicots
Threes of multiples of three
Monocots
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
Vascular cambium, and frequently cork cambium present
Dicots
Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent
Monocots
Leaf with distinct network of primary veins
Dicots
Vascular bundles of stem scattered
Monocots
Pollen grains mostly with one aperture
Monocots
Pollen grains mostly with 3 apertures (thin areas in the aperture wall)
Dicots
Vascular bundles of stem in a ring
Dicots
specialized branch at the tip of the stalk.
Peduncle -
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
- Small pad that arises when the peduncle or pedicel swells at its tips.
Receptacle
- Collective term of sepals
Calyx
- 3-5 small, usually green, leaflike found in the
outermost whorl.
Sepals
Sepals can be:
Gamosepalous
Polysepalous
sepals that are separated, not fused or united.
Polysepalous:
