Midterms Part2 Flashcards
attached alternately or in a spiral
along a stem with one leaf per node.
Alternate arrangement-
two leaves attached at each node.
Opposite arrangement-
- three or more leaves occur at a node
Whorled
- arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet blade.
Venation
one primary vein called the midvein which is included in a large midrib; secondary vein branch from the midvein.
Pinnately veined:
several primary veins tan out of the base of the blade. They are more or less parallel to one another in monocots and diverge from one another in dicots.
Palmately veined:
The branching arrangement of veins in dicots is called _______
netted or reticulate venation.
In a few leaves (e.g. those of Gingko), no midvein or other large veins are present. Instead, they have ___________ (veins fork evenly and progressively from the base of the blade to the opposite margin).
dichotomous venation
Three Regions
● Epidermis
● Mesophyll
● Veins (vascular bundles in roots and stems)
True or false:
The photosynthetic tissue, called mesophyll, is often arranged into palisade and spongy layers.
True
What does The photosynthetic tissue, called
mesophyll
True or false:
Veins branch throughout the mesophyll.
True
: single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf.
Epidermis
The lower surface of the blade can be distinguished from the upper epidermis by the presence of tiny pores called ____
stomata
Wavy, undulating walls of epidermal cells often resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitted together. Except for ____
guard cells.
True or false:
The upper epidermal cells for the most part contain chloroplasts, they function only in protecting delicate tissues to the interior.
False- do not contain
waxy coating that’s normally present although it may not be visible with ordinary light microscopes without being specially stained.
Cutin (cuticle):
: different types of these may also be present in the epidermis.
Glands
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
Glands
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
Glands
Glands occur in the form of ______, _________, ____________, either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
depressions, protuberances, or appendages
Glands often secrete ________
sticky substances.
True or false:
Sunflower: 1-2 million of
these throughout its lower epidermis.
False-2 million
Perforates the lower epidermis.
Stomata
two sausage- or dumbbell-shaped cells that are smaller than most of the neighboring epidermal cells.
Gourd cells
Inflate:
stomata are open.
- is where most of photosynthesis occurs. Located between two epidermal layers.
Mesophyll
Deflate: When water in the guard cells
decreases, what does it means?
stomata are close
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
True or false:
As the guard cells inflate or deflate with changes in the amount of water within the cells, their unique construction causes the stomata to open
True
Originate from the same parental cell.
● Part of the epidermis but unlike most of the other
cells of the epidermis, they contain chloroplast
Gourd cells
lower, loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air between them, contains numerous chloroplasts.
Spongy Mesophyll-
Deflate: stomata are close;
water in the guard cells
decreases.
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
Gives the leaf its “skeleton”.
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
Found in the outer parts of the stems of herbaceous plants as well as in leaves.
Parenchyma tissue with chloroplasts
Consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded
by a bundle sheath (jacket of thicker-walled
parenchyma cells)
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
Veins gives the leaf its “______”
skeleton
What does Phloem do to sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
Phloem transports sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
What does xylem do throughout the plant?
xylem transports water.
Scattered throughout the mesophyll
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
- veins run in all directions
Dicots
- parallel veins, do not have the mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy layers.
Monocots
Thinner and have fewer well-defined mesophyll
layers and fewer chloroplasts.
● Do not have as many hairs.
Shade Leaves
Limited availability of water, wide temperature ranges, high light intensities developed adaptations of plants to allow the, to thrive.
Leaves of Arid Regions
Receive less total light needed for photosynthesis
Shade Leaves
Submerged leaves of plants that grow in water usually have considerably less xylem than phloem, and the mesophyll, not differentiated into palisade & spongy layers, has large air spaces.
Leaves of Aquatic Areas
Tend to be larger than their counterparts in the sun.
Shade Leaves
Many have thick, leathery leaves and fewer stomata, or stomata are sunken below the surface in special depressions-reduce water loss through transpiration
Leaves of Arid Regions
Sudden, rapid growth of cells on the opposite side and starts curling in the direction of contact within a minute or two when
you lightly stroke it.
Healthy tendrils
True or false:
As the tendrils develop, they become coiled like a spring
True
Collenchyma cells:
impart flexibility
Sclerenchyma cells:
provide rigid support.
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
: spinelike objects arising in the axils of
leaves of woody plants are modified stems rather
than modified leaves
Thorns
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Non-photosynthetic
Large, thin-walled parenchyma cells without chloroplasts to the interior or chlorenchyma tissue just beneath the epidermis. Non-photosynthetic cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Storage Leaves
, an epiphyte, from Australasia, develop into urlike pouches that become the home of ant colonies.
Dischdia
True or false:
Ants carry in soil and add nitrogenous wastes, while moisture collects in the leaves through condensation of the water vapor coming from the mesophyll through stomata- good growing medium for roots.
True
Carpetweed Family- ice-cream cone-shaped leaves that are about 3.75 cm and are buried in the sand; only a dime sized wide end of the « leaf is exposed at the surface-covered with a relatively transparent, thick epidermis with a few stomata and waxy cuticle.
Window leave
The succulent leaves of air plants have little notches along the leaf margins in which tiny
plantlets are produced, complete with roots and leaves, even
after a leaf has been removed from the parent plant.
Reproductive leaves
Found at the base of flowers or flower stalks.
Floral leaves (bracts)
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
Tiny, measuring 2.5 to 5.0 cm in diameter.
Sundews
Constructed along the line of old fashioned steep trap.
Venus Flytraps
Covered with up to 200 upright, glandular hairs that look like miniature clubs.
Sundews
Submerged and floating in the shallow water along the margins of lakes and streams, have finely dissected leaves with tiny bladders
Bladderworts
Four curled but stiff hair at one end of the trapdoor act as triggers when an insect touches one of them.
Bladderworts
The two halves of the blade have the appearance of being hinged along the midrib, with stiff, hairlike projections along their margins.
Venus Flytraps
Clear glistening drop of sticky fluid containing digestive enzymes at the tip of each hair.
Sundews
Three tiny trigger hairs on the inner surface of each half.
Venus Flytraps
The chloroplasts of mature leaves contain several groups of pigments, such as green chlorophylls and ____ which include yellow carotenes and pale yellow
carotenoids,
More chlorophyll than other pigments is present, and the intense green color of the chlorophylls masks or hides the presence of ____
carotenes
_____, the more common of the two groups, are red if the cell sap is slightly acidic, blue if it is slightly alkaline and of intermediate shades if it is neutral. Betacyanins are usually red.
Anthocyanins
What color brings out if the cell sap is slightly acidic,
red
What color brings out if it is slightly alkaline
blue
What color brings out if it is neutral.
intermediate shades
Betacyanins are usually what color
red
leaves drop seasonally
Deciduous:
: process by which the leaves are shed.
Abscission
What happens as the leaf ages,
hormonal changes take place and at least two layers of cells become differentiated
Closest to the stem, protective layer cells become coated and impregnated with _____
True or false:
In response to any several environmental changes (lowering temperatures, decreasing day lengths or light intensities, lack of adequate water, or damage to the leaf), the pectins in the middle lamella of the cells of the separation layer are broken down by enzymes.
True
True or false:
Any color or combination of colors of the rainbow, as well as black or white
True
True or false:
Flowers may have any texture, from filmy and transparent to thick and leathery, from spongy to sticky, hairy, prickly, or even dewy wet to the touch:
True
- take two growing seasons to complete the cycle.
Biennials
True or false:
Flowers of many trees, shrubs and garden weeds are quite Inconspicuous and lack odor but flowers are, strikingly beautiful.
True
True or false:
In annuals, the cycle is completed in a single season and ends with the death of the parent plant.
True
- may take several to many growing seasons to go from a germinated seed to a plant producing new seeds they may also produce flowers on new growth that dies back each winter, while other parts of the plant may persist indefinitely.
Perennials
Two Major Classes:
Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)- dicots. Liliopsida (Monocotyledonae)- monocots.
Fours of fives or multiples of four or fives
Dicots
Two cotyledons
Dicots
Threes of multiples of three
Monocots
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
Vascular cambium, and frequently cork cambium present
Dicots
Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent
Monocots
Leaf with distinct network of primary veins
Dicots
Vascular bundles of stem scattered
Monocots
Pollen grains mostly with one aperture
Monocots
Pollen grains mostly with 3 apertures (thin areas in the aperture wall)
Dicots
Vascular bundles of stem in a ring
Dicots
specialized branch at the tip of the stalk.
Peduncle -
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
- Small pad that arises when the peduncle or pedicel swells at its tips.
Receptacle
- Collective term of sepals
Calyx
- 3-5 small, usually green, leaflike found in the
outermost whorl.
Sepals
Sepals can be:
Gamosepalous
Polysepalous
sepals that are separated, not fused or united.
Polysepalous:
united and form a single preparation.
Gamosepalous:
- collective term of petals
Corolla
3-5 small, usually green, leaflike found in the
outermost whorl.
Sepals
Next whorl of flowers, bright colored. May be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel shaped.
Petals
Petals can be:
Gamopetalous
Polypetalous
all petals are separated or not fused.
Polypetalous
all petals are fused or united
Gamopetalous
- consists of
calyx and corolla.
Perianth
- specialized leaves that may be as colorful as petals and can attract pollinators.
Bracts
- consist of anther and filament.
Stamen
thin, slender stalk.
Flament
- saclike structure which contains the pollen grains.
Anther
- term for Male Reproductive Organ of the Flower
Androecium
chambers in the anther that contains the pollen grains.
Pollen sacs-
True or false:
Each pollen grain contains 1 cell:
False - 2
Each pollen grain contains two cells:
one _________ and the other ________
- cell generates two sperm cells
- produces pollen tube through which the sperm cells will reach the ovule.
term for Female Reproductive Organs of the Flower.
Gynoceium-
Pistil- composed of:
Stigma, Style and Ovary.
- located at the tip of the female organ whith receives pollen.
Stigma
- composed of: Stigma, Style and Ovary.
Pistil
- slender projection of the ovary. Connective tissues between stigma and ovary.
Style
Pistil- composed of:
Stigma, Style and Ovary.
- enlarged basal part, contains ovules or embryo sacs
Ovary
- unfertilized, immature seeds
- unfertilized, immature seeds.
Ovule
: if the calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary. (e.g., pea and primrose flowers).
Superior
: receptacle grows up around in some cases fused to the ovary, so that the calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top (e.g., cactus and carrot flowers)
Inferior
Groups of several to hundreds of flowers that may all open at the same time, or they may follow an orderly.
Inflorescences
Three types of Inflorescences:
3 types: Racemose, Cymose and Special Type
Arrangement of flowers in the main axis (pedicel)
Inflorescences
- transfer of pollen grains from another to stigma.
Pollination
if pollination occurs within the same flower or within a different flower on the same individual plant.
Self-pollinated-
occurs when pollen grains are transferred to a flower on another individual of the same species.
Cross-pollination-
is an agent of pollination for certain flowers.
Wind
transfers pollen grains in a few aquatic flowers. After pollination, fertilization or fusions of gametes occur.
Water
- any ovary and its accessory parts that has developed and matured. It also contains seeds. Ex. Tomatoes, string beans, cucumbers, squashes.
Fruits
: usually indirectly determines whether or not the ovary or ovaries of a flower will develop into fruit.
Fertilization
: stimulants that are present in the pollen gräins that may initiate fruit development and sometimes a little dead pollen is all that is needed to stimulate an ovary into becoming a fruit.
Hormones
: fruits that develop without fertilization.
Parthenocarpic
- collective term for the following three regions.
Pericarp
outermost layer
Exocarp/Epicarp-
- often fleshy or pulpy tissue between exocarp and endocarp
Mesocarp
- inner boundary around the seed. May be hard and stony (peach) and can also be papery (apples).
Endocarp
develop from a flower with a single pistil
Simple fleshy fruits
Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit.
Drupe
Develop from a compound ovary and commonly contain more than one seed. Entire pericarp is fleshy, and it is difficult to distinguish between the mesocarp and the endocarp.
Berry/berries
The mesocarp is what we consume.
Drupe
All 3 layers of the fruit wall are edible. Ex. Grapes and Tomatoes
Superior Berry/True Berry -
- any 1 or 2 layers are not edible. Ex. Banana and Papaya
Inferior Berries
Examples-mango, coconuts, almonds, walnuts,
pecans, cashew nut (single seed of a unique drupe) and Pistachio nut (seeds of drupes).
Drupe
Special Type of Berry/Berries
- Pepo
- Balausta
- Hesperidium
- berry with a leathery skin containing oils. Juicy sacs are the ingrowths of the endocarp. Ex. Citrus Family (Rutaceae)
Hesperidium
- The edible part is called Testa. Ex.
Pomegranates
Balausta
- berries with relatively thick rinds. Ex. Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae), cucumbers.
Pepo
Simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of whose flesh comes from the enlarged floral tubé or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. They have endocarps that are papery or leathery.
Pome
Fruits having accessory tissue (develop from the tissue surrounding the ovary) and refers to pomes, pepos, some berries and other fruits derived from more than an ovary alone.
Accessory Fruits
Mesocarp is definitely dry at maturity.
Dry fruits
Thalamus is the edible.
Pome
3 Types of Dry fruits:
- Dry Simple Dehiscent Fruits
- Dry Simple Indehiscent Fruits
- Dry Dehiscent: Follicle
Splits along one side or seam (suture) only, exposing the seeds within.
● Ex. Larkspur, columbine, Milkweed and peony
Dry Dehiscent: Follicle
Splits along two sides or seams. Thousands of members of the Legume Family (Fabaceae) produce this type of fruit.
● Examples: peas, beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, carob, kudzu and mesquite.
Dry Dehiscent: Legume
Peanuts are also legumes, bet they are atypical in that the fruits develop and mature underground.
Dry Dehiscent: Legume
Split along two sides or seams, but seeds are borne on a central partition, which is exposed when the two halves of the fruit separate. Silicles -fruits that are less than three times as long as they are wide.
● Forms a false septum (Replum, where the seeds are attached)
Dry Dehiscent: Siliques
Examples-irises, orchids, liltes, poppies, violets, and
snapdragons and brazil nut (seeds of a large capsule).
Dry Dehiscent: Capsule
Produced by the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)-broccoli, cabbage, radish, shepherd’s purse and watercress
Dry Dehiscent: Siliques
Most common of the dry fruits that split a variety of ways. Split through the cavities (locules) in the carpels.
● Or they form a pores
Dry Dehiscent: Capsule
Ex. Okra, Gossypium (cotton)
Dry Dehiscent: Valvular/ Valve
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity. Single seed is united with the pericarp.
Dry Indehiscent Fruits
Attached to its surrounding pericarp. Husk is relatively easily separated from the seed. Example-sunflower “seeds” (edible kernel plus the husk), buttercup, and buckwheat.
Dry Indehiscent: Achene
One-seeded fruits similar to achenes, but are generally larger and pericarp is much harder and thicker. They develop with a cup, or cluster of bracts at their base.
Dry Indehiscent: Nuts
Also known as Grains tightly united with the seed that cannot be separated from it
Dry Indehiscent: Caryopses/Caryopsis
Examples- acorns, hazelnuts (filberts), and hickory nuts.
Dry Indehiscent: Nuts
● All members of the Grass Family (Poaceae)-corn, wheat, rice, oats, and barley.
Dry Indehiscent: Caryopses/Caryopsis
Pericarp surrounding the seeds extends out in the form of a wing or membrane, which aids in dispersal. In maples-samaras are produced in pairs, but in ashes, elms, and the tree of heaven they are produced singly.
Dry Indehiscent: Samara
● One that is derived from a single flower with several to many pistils. The pistils develop into tiny drupes or other fruitlets, but they mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle.
Aggregate Fruit
Twin fruit that is unique to the Parsley Family
(Apiaceae)-parsley, carrots, anise, caraway, and
dill.
● Mericarps-two one-seeded segment
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
Single seeded Part that does not undergo dehiscent -Cocci
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
Mericarps-two one-seeded segment
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
It is important for seeds to be carried away from the mother plant before they germinate. This prevents competition with the mother plant and avoids inbreeding.
Fruits and Seed Dispersal
● Samara of the maple has a curved wing that causes the fruit to spin as it is released from the tree. In a brisk wind, samaras are carried by the wind for up
to 10 kilometers (6 miles) away from their source.
Dispersal by Wind
Dandelion fruitlets have plumes that radiate out at the ends like tiny parachutes; these catch even a slight breeze.
Dispersal by Wind
In some members of the Buttercup and Suntower
Families (Ranunculaceae and Asteraceae), the fruits have plumes and in the Willow Family (Salicaceae), the fruits are surrounded by cottony or woolly hairs that aid in wind dispersal.
Dispersal by Wind
Giant tortoises-seeds do not pass through the tract for 2 weeks or more, and the seeds usually will not germinate unless they have been subjected to such treatment.
Dispersal by Animals
Birds, mammals and ants all act as seed dispersal agents.
Dispersal by Wind
Many fruits and seeds adhere to the fur or feathers
of animals and birds.
Dispersal by Animals
Shore birds may carry seeds great distances in mud that adheres to their feet.
Dispersal by Animals
Orchids and heaths produce seeds with no endosperm that are as fine as dust and equally light in weight.
Dispersal by Wind
Some bird-disseminated fruits contain laxatives that speed their passage through the digestive tracts.
Dispersal by Animals
Blue jays, woodpeckers and other birds carry away nuts and other fruits, which they may drop in flight.
Dispersal by Animals
● Sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in a living organism. All forms of this require ENERGY.
Metabolism
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells without being used up in the reactions.
Enzyme
Both animals and plants release energy during their life cycles: the energy then is recycled or used by other living organisms.
Metabolism
Process of the formation of chemical bonds needed to build molecules.
Anabolism
They regulate every metabolic activity.
Enzyme
Process of breaking down chemical bonds
Catabolism
● “building up”
Anabolism
“breaking down”
Catabolism
- catabolic, release energy held
in chemical bonds.
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis build organic compounds by
combining CO2 and H20, forming ____
carbohydrates
_________ breaks down carbohydrates producing
CO2 and water, which may be used again in photosynthesis.
Respiration
- loss of one or more electrons - removal of electrons in a compound.
Oxidation
- gain of one or more electrons - addition of electrons in a compound.
Reduction
True or false:
Oxygen is usually the oxidizing agent (final acceptor of the electron) but oxidations can’t occur without oxygen being involved.
False- can occur
Factors affecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
The concentration of CO2
Increased light intensity results in a higher rate of photosynthesis. On the other hand, low light intensity results in a lower rate of photosynthesis.
Light Intensity:
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide helps in increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Usually, carbon dioxide in the range of 300 - 400 PPM is adequate for photosynthesis.
The concentration of CO2:
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide helps in increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Usually, carbon dioxide in the range of 300 - 400 PPM is adequate for photosynthesis.
The concentration of CO2:
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Temperature
Water
Pollution
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Temperature
Water
Pollution
: For efficient execution of photosynthesis, it is important to have a temperature range between 25° to 35° C.
Temperature
: As water is an important factor in photosynthesis, its deficiency can lead to problems in the intake of carbon dioxide. The scarcity of water leads to the refusal of stomatal opening to retain the amount of water they have stored inside.
Water
: Industrial pollutants and other particulates may settle on the leaf surface. This can block the pores of stomata which makes it difficult to take in carbon dioxide.
Pollution
There are four different types pigments present in leaves:
- Chlorophyll a
- Chlorophyll b
- Xanthophylls
- Carotenoids
Photosynthesis involves 2 Major steps:
- Light Dependent Reactions
- Light Independent Reactions/ The Calvin Cycle.
Light Dependent Reactions
First Major Steps in the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy.
They may initially proceed in different ways; depending on the particular kind of plant involved. But they all go through the Calvin Cycle.
Light-Independent Reactions
First Major Steps in the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy.
Light Dependent Reactions
It is the complete conversion of light energy. to chemical energy by utilizing ATP and NADPH to form sugars.
Light-Independent Reactions
Initiated when units of light energy (photons) strikes chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
In this Cycle, CO2 + 5-carbon sugar (RuBP ribulose biphosphate) are combined and converted to sugars, such as glucose.
Light-Independent Reactions
True or false:
Sulfates are reduced to sulfide via several steps involving ATP and enzymes. The sulfide Is converted into important sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, which are part of the building blocks for proteins, anthocyanin pigments, chlorophylls and other cellular components.
True
is an important form of nitrogen storage in roots or specialized stems such as carrots, beets and potato tubers
Glutamine
Nitrites are transported into the chloroplast where they are converted into ammonia, which then converted to amino groups of important amino acids such as ______ and _______
Glutamine and Aspartic Acid.
True or false:
● Nitrates are reduced to organic compounds. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in the cytoplasm.
True
The catabolic process in which energy release from the glucose molecules are broken down. to individual carbon dioxide molecules.
Respiration
Two types of Respiration:
- Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs 24 hours a day, whether or not photosynthesis happens to be occurring simultaneously in the same cells.
Respiration
The most widespread form of respiration.
Aerobic Respiration
Initiated in the cytoplasm and completed in the mitochondria.
Respiration
In this process, it cannot be completed withöut the
oxygen gas.
Aerobic Respiration
Release less than 6% of the energy released from a molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
They differ in the manner in which hydrogen released from the glucose is combined with other substances.
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
This involves 3 process: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain which will generate
ATP.
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration involves 3 process: which will generate
ATP.
Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain
The controlled release of energy is the significant
event; carbon dioxide and water are the by
products.
Aerobic Respiration
- is very important industrially, particularly in the brewing and baking industries.
Fermentation
- a common pathway in the majority of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process, glucose is partially oxidized to form acids and alcohol.
An anaerobic pathway
Factors affecting respiration
- Temperature
- Water
- Oxygen
40°C (104°F)-
inactivation of enzymes
20° C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F)-
respiration rates double or triple
True or false:
20° C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F)-respiration rates triples or quadruple
double or triple
respiration does not cease completely but it continues at a drastically reduced rate= very tiny amounts of heat being released and of carbon dioxide being given off.
Water content is low:
Reduction of oxygen supply declines the respiration and growth rate of plants. However when food are stored in a low oxygen environment, low respiration rates are beneficial. It is a common practice to reduce oxygen present in warehouses where crops are stored.
Oxygen
Essential products of additional pathways:
nucleotic proteins, chlorophylls and fatty acids.
Secondary metabolites includes:
➔ alkaloids (modification of amino acids and related. ➔ compounds)
➔ phenolics (shikimic acid pathway)
➔ terpenoids (mevalonic acid pathway).
(modification of amino acids and related compounds)
alkaloids
(shikimic acid pathway)
phenolics
(mevalonic acid pathway).
terpenoids
: conversion of sugar produced by photosynthesis to fats, proteins, complex carbohydrates and other substances.
Assimilation
: occurs within plant cells with the aid of enzymes. Large, insoluble molecules are broken down by hydrolysis to smaller, soluble forms that can be transported to other parts of the plant.
Digestion
All higher organisms such as mammals have this type of respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Lower organisms such as bacteria and yeast use this type. In other organisms, it occurs during heavy activities.
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic respiration
Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Anaerobic respiration
It can be found only in the cytoplasm.
Anaerobic respiration
It can be found in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration
Gases are exchanged in this form of respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Oxygen is absent when this form of respiration takes place.
Anaerobic respiration
Gases are not exchanged in this form of respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
Oxygen is present when this form of respiration takes place.
Aerobic respy
Stores energy in sugar molecules.
Photosynthesis
Produces ATP with energy released from, sugarss
Respiration
Utilizes oxygen (aerobic respiration).
Respiration
Produces oxygen in green organisms.
Photosynthesis
Occurs in all living cells.
Respiration
Occurs only in cells containing chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis
Occurs only in light.
Photosynthesis
Uses carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
Occurs either with light or darkness.
Respiration
Decreases in weight.
Respiration
Increases in weight.
Photosynthesis
Releases carbon dioxide and water.
Respiration
Releases energy from sugar molecúles.
Respiration
Occurs only in light.
Photosynthesis
Releases energy from sugar molecúles.
Respiration
