Midterms Flashcards
- artificially uniting stems or parts of stems different but related varieties of plants has been practiced by humans for hundreds of years.
Grafting
Meristems at tips increases their length and other meristems increase their girth of hundred or thousand of years.
Intermediate growth
- leaves that are in whorls (groups of three or more).
Whorled
leaves attached are in pairs arranged
Opposite or oppositely arranged
leaves attached to the twig alternately or in spiral around the stem
Alternate or alternately arranged
- stem region between nodes
Internode
the area or the region of a stem where a leaf or leaves are attached.
Node
a twig by a stalk. A slender stem that supports the blade of the foliage leaf.
Petiole
flat expanded part of a leaf as distinguished from the
petiole. The leaf of an herb or grass.
Blade
this is where axil (angle between a petiole and stem containing a bud) are situated.
Axillary Bud
the area or the region of a stem where a leaf or leaves are attached.
Node
base of the petiole that are paired, often somewhat leaf-like, appendages that remain throughout the life of the leaf.
Stipules
loose aggregation of cells which penetrates the surface of a woody plant and through which gases are exchanged between the gases in the atmosphere and its tissues.
Lenticels
located at the tip of each twig. It resembles an axillary bud but is often larger. Produces tissues that make the twig grow larger.
Terminal Bud
There is an ________ at the tip of each stem that contributes to an increase in the length of the stem.
apical meristem
They are dormant before the growing season begins.
Apical meristems
(singular: primordium
Leaf primordia
- develop from a bud that begins to expand or seed germinates, the cells of the apical meristems undergo mitosis
Primary meristems
- tiny embryonic leaves that will develop into mature leaves after the bud scales drop off and growth begins.
Leaf primordia (singular: primordium)
the outermost part of the primary meristems that give rise to the epidermis.
Protoderm
cylinder of strands that is the interior of the periderm. It produces water-conducting primary xylem cells and primary phloem cells that have variety of functions like conduction of food.
Procambium
the parenchyma tissue in the center of the stem. Very large, and may break down shortly after they are formed, leaving a hollow, cylindrical area.
Pith
produces two tissues composed of parenchyma cells.
Ground Meristems
produced by the ground meristem may become more extensive but in woody plants, it, too, eventually will be crushed and replaced by new tissues produced from within.
Cortex
All the five tissues produced by this apical meristem complex (epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pith and cortex arise while the stem is increasing in length and are called ______
primary tissues
What are the five tissues produced by this apical meristem complex arise while the stem is increasing in length and are called primary tissues
epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pith and cortex
What develop into mature leaves and buds.
Leaf primordia and bud primordia
strand of xylem and phloem.
Trace
strand of xylem and phloem.
Trace
Narrow band of cells between the primary xylem and the primary phloem may retain its meristematic nature and become the
vascular cambium.
Each trace leaves gap filled with parenchyma in cylinder of vascular tissue, forming a
leaf gap or bud gap.
conducts water and soluble nutrients.
Secondary Xylem
conducts insoluble form, food
manufactured by photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Secondary Phloem
Secondary cambium arises in the cortex or some instances in the epidermis or phloem.
Cork cambium or phellogen
produces box-like cork cells which become impregnated with suberin (a waxy substance impervious to moisture). They are produced annually.
The cork cambium
In young stems, gas exchange takes place through
the stomata, located in the epidermis.
As woody stems age,what develop beneath the stomata.
lenticels
central cylinder that is composed of primary xylem, primary phloem and pith in most younger and a few older stems and roots.
Steles
simplest form consists of solid core of conducting tissues in which the phloem usually surrounds the xylem. Common in primitive seed plants that are now extinct and are also found in whisk ferns, club mosses and other relatives of fern.
Protostele
Three types of Protostele are:
Haplostele
Actinostele
Plectostele
tubular with pith in the center are common in ferns.
Siphonosteles
Three types pf Siphonostele:
Solenostele
Dictyostele
Eustele
seed that have one or two seed leaves.
Cotyledons-
flowering plants develop from seed having
two cotyledons
Dicotyledon
common in present day flowering plants and conifers. Primary xylem and primary phloem are in discrete vascular bundles.
Eusteles-
- develops from seeds with single cotyledon.
Monocotyledon
- plants that die after going from seed to maturity within one growing season, have green herbaceous stem. Most monocots are annuals.
Annuals
These have discrete vascular bundles composed of patches of xylem and phloem.
Herbaceous dicot stems
They are arranged in cylinder that separates the cortex from the pith.
Vascular bundles
relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem that is produced when the vascular cambium of a typical broadleaf tree first becomes active in the spring.
Spring Wood
xylem that is produced after the spring wood, and which has smaller or fewer vessel elements and large number of tracheids
Summer Wood
One year’s growth of xylem is called an ______
annual ring
It may contain many layers of xylem cells and it is all the layers produced in one growing season that constitute an annual ring-not just the dark layers.
annual ring.
produces more secondary xylem than it does phloem.
Vascular cambium
They have stronger, more rigid walls and less subject to collapse from tension.
Xylem cells
It does not only indicate the age of the wood, but they can also tell something of the climate and other conditions that occurred during the tree’s lifetime.
Annual rings
fairly obvious lighter streaks or lines radiating out from the center across the annual rings when a tree trunk is examined in transverse, or cross section.
Vascular rays
Their function is for the lateral conduction of nutrients and water from stele through the xylem and phloem, to the cortex, with some cells storing food.
Vascular rays
part of ray within the xylem.
Xylem Ray
Consists of parenchyma cells that may remain alive for 10 or more years.
Vascular Rays
extension through the phloem.
Phloem Ray
protrusions due to the expansion of the protoplasm that leads to the cavity of the vessel or tracheids that prevent further conduction of water and dissolved substances-resins, gums, and tannins begin to accumulate, along with pigments that darken the color of the wood.
Tyloses
lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium.
Sapwood
Forms at roughly the same rate as heartwood develops.
Sapwood
older, darker wood at the center
Heartwood
older, darker wood at the center
Heartwood
True or false:
Pines and other cone-bearing trees have xylem that consists primarily of tracheids; no fibers or vessel elements are produced.
True
Woods are softer than that of trees with them and is commonly referred to as
softwood
True or false:
Pines and other cone-bearing trees have xylem that consists primarily of tracheids; with fibers or vessel elements are produced.
False
True or false:
Pines and other cone-bearing trees have xylem that consists primarily of tracheids; no fibers or vessel elements are not produced.
False - produced
the wood of woody dicot trees is called
hardwood
applied to all tissues outside the cambium including the phloem.
Bark
consisting of primary and secondary phloem.
Inner bark
consisting of cork tissue and cork
cambium.
Outer bark (periderm)
specialized cells or ducts that are found in about 20 families of herbaceous and woody flowering plants. Common in the phloem but occur throughout all parts of the plant.
Lactifiers
a thick fluid that is white, yellow, orange or red in color and consists of gum, proteins, sugars, oils, salts. alkaloidal drugs. enzymes and other substances.
Latex
They resemble vessels, from extensive branched networks of latex-secreting cells originating from rows of merismatic cells. Their cells remain living and have many nuclei.
Lactifiers
They resemble vessels, from extensive branched networks of latex-secreting cells originating from rows of merismatic cells. Their cells remain living and have many nuclei.
Lactifiers
Its function in the plant is not clear although some believe that it aids in closing wounds.
Latex
most important form of latex with commercial value, Amazon Indians utilized rubber for making balls and containers hundreds of years before Para rubber trees were cultivated for their latex.
Rubber
The concentration of bundles, combined with the band of sclerenchyma cells beneath the epidermis and the thicker-walled parenchyma cells, all contribute to giving the stem the capacity to withstand stresses resulting from summer storms and the weight of the leaves and the ears of corn as they mature
Monocotyledonous stems
wheat, rice, barley, oats, rye and other grasses have this that is at the base of each internode. It contributes to increasing stem length.
Intercalary meristem
True or False:
Palm trees which differ from most monocots in that they often grow quite large, do so primarily as a result of their parenchyma cells continuing to divide and enlarge without a true cambium developing.
True
True or false:
Monocot fibers are as strong or as durable as most dicot fibers.
True
Most higher plants have an __________, many species have specialized stems that are modified for various functions.
erect shoot system
All specialized stems have _______, _________,_________ which makes them different from roots and leaves.
nodes, internodes and axillary bud
True or false:
The leaves at the nodes of these specialized stems are often small and scalelike. They are seldom green, but full-sized.
True
Horizontal stems that grow below ground, often near the surface of the soil.
Rhizomes
Adventitious roots are produced all along the rhizome, mainly on the lower surface.
Rhizomes
In strawberries, these are usually produced after the first flowers of the season have appeared.
runners
May radiate out from the parent plant and within a
few weeks may grow 1 meter or more long.
Runners and stolons
They superficially resemble roots, but close examination will reveal scale -like leaves and axillary buds at each node, at least some stage of development, with short to long internodes in between.
Rhizomes
Similar to runners but are produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions (not horizontally).
Stolons
May be relatively thick, fleshy, food-storage organ, as in irises, may be quite slender, as in many perennial grasses or some ferns.
Rhizomes
In ____________, tubers are produced at the tip of the stolons.
Irish potato plants
In Irish or white potato plants, several internodes at the tips of stolons become tubers as they swell from accumulation of food.
Tubers
True or false:
In Irish potato plants, tubers are produced at the tip of the stolons.
True
They becomes isolated after the stolon to which it was attached dies.
mature tuber
The “eyes’’ of the potato are actually _________ formed in a spiral around the thickened stem. Each eye consists of an axillary bud in the axil of a scalelike leaf.
nodes
The “eyes’’ of the potato are actually nodes formed in a spiral around the thickened stem. Each eye consists of an __________ in the axil of a scalelike leaf.
axillary bud
Large buds surrounded by numerous leshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end.
Bulbs
Resemble bulbs but differ from them in being composed almost entirely of stem tissue, except for a few papery, scalelike leaves.
Corns
Adventitious roots grow from the bottom of the stem, but fleshy leaves comprise the bulk of the bulb tissue which stores food.
● Onions, lilies, hyacinths and tulips.
Bulbs
Adventitious roots are produced at the base, and corms, like bulbs, store food
Corns
Flattened and appear leaflike.
Cladophylls (Cladodes or Phylloclades)
The feathery appearance of asparagus is due to
numerous small _____
cladophylls.
honey locust, whose branched thorns may be more than 3 decimeters, but all thornlike objects are not necessarily modified stems.
Thorns
base of the petiole of most leaves of the black locust
Spines
Occur in greenbriers, certain orchids, prickly pear
cacti and other less-known plants.
Cladophylls (Cladodes or Phylloclades)
simply rest on the tops of other plants.
Ramblers
e.g. grape and Boston ivy (specialized
stems), peas and cucumbers (modified leaf or leaf parts)
Tendrils
In a living tree, up to 50% of the weight of the wood is from the _________.
water content.
True or false:
In a living tree, up to 75% of the weight of the wood is from the water content.
False- 50%
Before the wood can be used, seasoning reduces the moisture content 10 10% or less, either by air-drying it in ventilated piles or stacks by dying it in special ovens known as ________.
kilns
The dry part of wood is composed of: cellulose
lignin
60%-75% cellulose
15-25%- lignin
a group of cells performing similar functions.
Tissues
True or False:
A plant organ may compose of several different tissues; each tissue is classified according to its structure, origin and function.
True
Three basic tissue that occur in roots and stems:
- Woody dicots
- Herbaceous dicots
- Monocots
Composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells.
Merismatic tissues
Have thin walls and easy to divide.
Merismatic tissues
It is found at or near the tips of roots and shoots which increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells. This type of growth Is also known as primary growth.
Apical meristems
An area of cell division at the tip of a stem or root in a plant, produces the primary tissues.
Apical meristems
They have dense cytoplasm and distinct nucleus to carry out cell division.
Merismatic tissues
Three Primary Meristems:
- Protoderm
- Ground Meristem
- Procambium
Small or no vacuoles as they do not need to store anything for too long.
Merismatic tissues
young, undifferentiated tissue of a root or stem that eventually develops into epidermis. It gives rise to skin coverings.
Protoderm
it gives rise to cortex, pith, and ground tissue.
Ground meristem
gives rise to stele central cylinder of vascular tissues where xylem and phloem develop.
Procambium
The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems which produce tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems
Lateral meristems
Increase in girth.
Secondary Growth
An area of cell division on the side of a vascular plant.
Lateral meristem
As the cell matures, the assume many different shapes and sizes.
Merismatic tissues
Often referred to simply as the cambium, which produces the secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.
Vascular cambium
Forms a thin, continuous cylinder within the stems and roots. It is located between the wood and the bark of woody plants.
Vascular cambium
individual remaining cells of the cambium.
Initials
It extends throughout the length of roots and stems in annual and perennial plants.
Vascular cambium
sister cells of initials. Differentiated,
non-meristematic.
Derivatives
A thin cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic cells that runs the length of roots and stems of woody plants.
Cork cambium
It lies outside the vascular cambium just inside the outer bark which it produces.
Cork cambium
Develop at intervals along stems like the apical meristems, their tissues add to stem length.
Intercalary meristems
Three types of permanent tissues:
- Parenchyma Tissue
- Collenchyma Tissue
- Sclerenchyma Tissue
It lies outside the vascular cambium just inside the outer bark which it produces.
Cork cambium
Grasses and related plants have neither a vascular cambium nor a cork cambium. They do have apical meristems and in the vicinity of the nodes (leaf attachment areas) they have meristematic tissues called ________.
intercalary meristems
A plant cell that is relatively unspecialized, is thin walled, may contain chlorophyll and is typically rather loosely packed.
Parenchyma
most abundant cell types
Parenchyma
Spherical in shape when they are first produced but when all the parenchyma cells push up against one another, their thin, pliable walls are flattened at the points of contact-assume various shapes and sizes having 14 sides.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma perform several function such as:
Photosynthesis
● Storage
● Secretion
Materials stored in parenchyma cells
● Starch grains.
● Oil droplets
● Water
● Salt
Parenchyma:
Substance that they may secrete are:
● Resins
● Tannins
● Hormones
● Enzymes
● Sugary nectar
Large vacuoles and may contain starch grains, oils, tannins, crystals and various other secretions.
Parenchyma
Large vacuoles and may contain starch grains, oils, tannins, crystals and various other secretions.
Parenchyma
it is vital for photosynthesis.
Chlorenchyma tissue
extensive connected air spaces. Contain numerous chloroplasts.
Aerenchyma
True or false:
Parenchyma tissues without chloroplast function mostly in
food or water storage.
True
develop irregular extensions of the inner wall that greatly increase the surface area. Found in nectarines of flowers and in carnivorous plants.
Transfer cells
It can divide long after they were produced by a meristem. When a cutting is induced to grow, it is the parenchyma cells that start dividing and give rise to new roots.
Mature parenchyma cells
True or false:
When a plant is damaged or wounded, the capacity of parenchyma cells to divide is especially important in repair of tissue.
False- multiply
A living plant cell with moderately but unevenly thickened primary walls
● Have living cytoplasm and remain alive a long time. Often occur just beneath the epidermis.
Collenchyma Tissue
A living plant cell with moderately but unevenly thickened primary walls
● Have living cytoplasm and remain alive a long time. Often occur just beneath the epidermis.
Collenchyma Tissue
A plant cell with extremely thick walls that provides strength and support to the plant body.
Sclerenchyma Tissue
Greek word “‘sclero” means “hard”
Sclerenchyma Tissue
They provide flexible support for both growing organs and mature organs such as leaves and floral plants.
Collenchyma Tissue
A plant cell with extremely thick walls that provides strength and support to the plant body.
Sclerenchyma Tissue
Consist of cells that have thick, tough, secondary
walls impregnated with lignin.
● They are dead at maturity and function in support.
Sclerenchyma Tissue
Two forms of sclerenchyma:
- Sclereids or stone cells
- Fibers
Composed of two or more kinds of cells
Complex Tissues
● Composed of two or more kinds of cells
Complex Tissues
may be found in association with a number of different tissues in roots, stems, leaves and fruits. They have a lumen in the center of the cell.
Fibers
Slightly gritty texture of pears, hardness of nut shells and pits of peaches and other stone fruits.
Sclereids or stone cells
Two most important complex tissue in plants are:
xylem and phloem.
Some are produced by apical meristems but most complex tissues in woody plants are produced by vascular cambium and are referred to as ______.
vascular tissue.
Function in the transport of water, ions, and soluble food throughout the plant.
Complex Tissues
It comprises the outer bark of woody plants consists mostly of cork cells but contains pockets of parenchyma-like cells.
The periderm
It forms a protective layer covering all plant organs that consist primarily of parenchyma and parenchyma like cells.
The epidermis
A complex vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant body.
Xylem
long tubes composed of individual cells called vessel elements that have thick secondary cell walls and are open at each end.
Vessels
Important component of the “plumbing” and storage systems of a plant.
Xylem
may be found between the end walls of each pair of vessel elements and shows patterns mostly bar-like strips. the water conducting cells of flowering plants.
Perforation plate
Chief conducting tissue throughout all organs and minerals absorbed by the roots
Xylem
like vessel elements, they are dead at maturity and have relatively thick secondary cell walls, tapered at each end, the ends overlapping with those of the other tracheids.
Tracheids
Consist of a combination of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheas and ray cells.
Xylem
They have no openings like vessels but are usually pairs of pits. the chief water-conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants such as ferns.
Tracheids
thickened region in bordered pits.
Torus
It also function in food storage are long lived parenchyma cells that are produced in horizontal rows.
Ray cells
A complex vascular tissue that conducts food (carbohydrates) throughout the plant body.
Phloem
True or false:
Tracheids and vessel elements actually conduct water and dissolved minerals. Most conduction through the xylem is upward, but some is lateral (conduction takes place in the rays)
True
large, more or less cylindrical, narrower more tapered companion cells closely associated with them.
Sieve tube members
Derived from parent cells of the cambium, which also produce xylem cells. Also includes fibers, parenchyma, and ray cells.
Sieve tube members
end walls have no large openings; the walls are full of small pores through which cytoplasm extends from cell to cell.
Sieve tubes
porous regions of the sieve tube members. It is located at the cell wall’s end.
Sieve plates-
Is composed mostly of two types of cells without secondary walls.
Phloem
True or false:
Sieve tube members have nuclei at maturity.
False- no
It is very active in conduction of food materials in solution throughout the plant.
Cytoplasm
Living sieve tube members contain a polymer called _______ that stays in solution as long as the cell contents are under pressure.
callose
Living sieve tube members contain a polymer called _______ that stays in solution as long as the cell contents are under pressure.
callose
plus that prevents leaking if the sieve tube contents.
Callus
found in ferns and cone-bearing trees are like sieve tube members but tend to overlap at their ends rather than form continuous tubes. No nuclei and no adjacent companion cells.
Sieve cells
equivalent to companion cells and apparently function in the same manner
Adjacent albuminous cells
True or false:
No nuclei and no adjacent companion cells.
True
assists in the functioning of the sieve tube element. It is a living cell with a nucleus.
Companion cells
rubular-shaped, with the absence of cross walls. This tissue resembles the shape of a star.
Xylem tissues
Outer side of the vascular bundle
Phloem
tubular-shaped, elongated, structures with the present of walls with thin sieve tubes.
Phloem
Its fibers are Smaller
Xylem
Can be found in roots, stems, and leaves
Xylem
Its fibers are larger
Phloem
Present in stems and leaves, which later transports and grow in roots, fruits and seeds.
Phloem
Move in bidirectional (both ways)
Phloem
Move in bidirectional (both ways)
Phloem
They live with hollow dead
Xylem
They live with hollow dead
Xylem
They live with the cytoplasm
Phloem
They live with the cytoplasm
Phloem
Move in unidirectional (one direction-upward direction)
Xylem
Move in unidirectional (one direction-upward direction)
Xylem
They live with hollow dead cells
Xylem
They live with the cytoplasm without the nucleus.
Phloem
They live with the cytoplasm without the nucleus.
Phloem
It has more tissues
Xylem
Consists of four elements: companions cells, sieve tubes, bast fibers, phloem fibers, intermediary cells and the phloem parenchyma.
Phloem
Consists of four elements: companions cells, sieve tubes, bast fibers, phloem fibers, intermediary cells and the phloem parenchyma.
Phloem
It has less tissue
Phloem
It has less tissue
Phloem
Transport soluble mineral and water molecules from the roots to the aerial parts
Xylem
Transport soluble mineral and water molecules from the roots to the aerial parts
Xylem
Transport food and other nutrients including sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of the plant.
Phloem
Transport food and other nutrients including sugar and amino acids from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of the plant.
Phloem
Translocates the synthesized sugars by the photosynthetic areas of plants to storage organs like roots, bulbs and tubers.
Phloem
Provides mechanical strength to the plant and helps in strengthening the stem.
Xylem
Responsible for transporting proteins and mRNAs throughout the plant/
Phloem
Responsible for transporting proteins and mRNAs throughout the plant/
Phloem
Responsible for replacing the amount of lost water molecules through transpiration and photosynthesis.
Xylem
It is one cell thick but a few plants produce aerial
roots called velamen roots in which epidermis may be several cells thick with outer cells functioning like a sponge.
Epidermis
It is one cell thick but a few plants produce aerial
roots called velamen roots in which epidermis may be several cells thick with outer cells functioning like a sponge.
Epidermis
Cutin- fatty substance secreted by most epidermal cells within and on the surface of the outer walls, it forms a protective layer called ________.
cuticle
True or false:
The thickness of the cuticle determines how much water is loss through the cell walls by evaporation.
True
True or false:
The susceptibility of plants to herbicides may depend on the thickness of wax layers. Some wax deposits are extensive enough to.have.commercial value (ex.Carnauba wax)
True
tubular extensions produced by epidermal cells of roots. It greatly increases the absorptive area of the surface.
Root hairs
True or false:
It is also resistant to bacteria and other disease organisms and has been recovered in fossil plants.
True
special outgrowths or hairs.
Trichomes
specialized epidermal cells. They only differ in shape and chloroplasts are present within them.
Guard cells -
small pores in leaves.
Stomata
Guard cells that are modified that secrete profectiv or substances, modified as hairs that either reduce water loss as repels insects and animals that might otherwise consume them.
Glands
The outermost layer of the cells covers a woody stem or root - that is, the outer bark that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth.
Periderm
It replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth.
outer bark
Constitutes the outer bark and is primarily composed of somewhat rectangular and boxlike cork cells which are dead at maturity.
Periderm
makes the cork cells waterproof and helps them protect the phloem and other tissues beneath the bark from drying out, mechanical injury and freezing temperatures.
Suberin
They function in gas exchange between the air and the interior of the stem.
Lenticels
Most common secretory tissues are those that
secreted nectar in flowers, oils in citrus, mint and other many laves; mucilage in the glandular hairs of sundews, and other insect-trapping plants; latex in members of several families (Spurge family); and resins in coniferous plants such as pine trees.
Secretory cells and tissues
pockets of loosely arranged parenchyma cells that are not impregnated with suberin and protrudes through the surface of the periderm.
Lenticels
Derived from parenchyma
● Can occur in various places in plants.
Secretory cells and tissues
True or false:
Plants had a highly efficient form of solar panel that capture sun’s energy many eons before modern civilization began to realize that fossil-fuel supplies would eventually be exhausted.
True
These remarkably constructed solar panels are the plant organs known to us as _______
leaves
All leaves originate as __________ in buds.
primordial
These remarkably constructed __________ are the plant organs known to us as leaves.
solar panels
True or false:
In early spring, a leaf primordium may consist of fewer than 300 cells, but in response to exchanges in temperature, day length, and availability of water, hormones are produced that stimulate these cells to begin dividing.
False- 200
when leaves lack petiole,they have this.
Sessile
pair of leaflike, scalelike, or thornlike appendages.
Stipule
stalk
Petiole
network of veins (vascular bundles)
Flattened Blade or lamina
True or false:
Leaves of deciduous trees normally live through only one growing season, and even those of evergreen trees rarely function for more than 2-6 years.
False- 2-7 years
True or false:
Leaves of flowering plants are associated with leaf gaps, and all have axillary bud at the base.
True
● Has a single blade
● Presence of a single lamina
● Incisions do not touch the midrib
Simple Leaf
Regardless of the number of leaflets, a compound
leaf still has a single axillary bud at its base with the leaflets having no such buds.
Compound Leaf
Divided in various ways into leaflets.
Compound Leaf
Presence of a single lamina
Simple Leaf
Types of Compound leaf
- Pinnately Compounds
- Palmately Compound
- Bipinnately Compound
Types of Compound leaf
- Pinnately Compounds
- Palmately Compound
- Bipinnately Compound
Incisions do not touch the midrib
Simple Leaf
leaflets of pinnately compound leaf may be subdivided into still smaller leaflets.
Bipinnately Compound
leaflets of pinnately compound leaf may be subdivided into still smaller leaflets.
Bipinnately Compound
leaflets of pinnately compound leaf may be subdivided into still smaller leaflets.
Bipinnately Compound
Pinnately Compounds- have the leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole called the ______
rachis
Pinnately Compounds- have the leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole called the ______
rachis
leaves have all the leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole.
Palmately Compound
have the leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole called the rachis.
Pinnately Compounds
so green leaves capture light energy to chemical energy.
Photosynthesis
have the leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole called the rachis.
Pinnately Compounds
have the leaflets in pairs along an extension of the petiole called the rachis.
Pinnately Compounds
found in the lower surfaces of leaves that are dotted with tiny pores which not only allow entry for the carbon dioxide gas needed for photosynthesis but also plays a role in diffusion out of the leaf of oxygen produced during photosynthesis.
Stomata
found in the lower surfaces of leaves that are dotted with tiny pores which not only allow entry for the carbon dioxide gas needed for photosynthesis but also plays a role in diffusion out of the leaf of oxygen produced during photosynthesis.
Stomata
This involves the trapping and ultimate storing of energy in sugar molecules that are constructed from ordinary water and from carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis
Leaves also function in respiration and in this process as well as in other metabolic activities they produce waste products.
Stomata
controls water loss when the guard cells inflate or deflate, opening or closing the pore.
Gourd cells
The_______, which consists of a pore bordered by a pair of sausage-shaped guard cells, controls water loss when the guard cells inflate or deflate, opening or closing the pore.
stomatal apparatus
tubular extensions produced by epidermal cells of roots. It greatly increases the absorptive area of the surface.
Root hairs
special outgrowths or hairs.
Trichomes -
- small pores in leaves.
Stomata
specialized epidermal cells. They only differ in shape and chloroplasts are present within them.
Guard cells -
- Guard cells that are modified that secrete profectiv or substances, modified as hairs that either reduce water loss as repels insects and animals that might otherwise consume them.
Glands
Leaves also function in respiration and in this process as well as in other metabolic activities they produce waste products.
Stomata
They play a major role in the movement of water absorbed by roots and transported throughout the plant.
Stomata
forces liquid water out of the hydathodes, usually at night when transpiration is not occurring.
Root pressure:
: loss of water through hydathodes.
Guttation
- special openings in some plants that are at the tips of leaf veins.
Hydathodes
: loss of water through hydathodes.
Guttation
forces liquid water out of the hydathodes, usually at night when transpiration is not occurring.
Root pressure:
- this where leaves attach.
Nodes
- regions between nodes
Internodes
- refers to the arrangement of leaves on a stem
Phyllotaxy
