Midterms Part 2 Flashcards
An is a systematic and controlled
investigation or test designed to answer a
specific question, solve a problem, or test a
hypothesis.
experiment
is a factor that can be
changed, controlled, or measured to observe its effect
on the outcome.
variable
➔ intentionally changed or manipulated by the
researcher to observe its effect on the outcome.
➔ The cause or input in the experiment
Independent Variable
➔ Measured or observed in response to the
changes made to the independent variable.
➔ The effect or output in the experiment.
Dependent Variable
➔ That is kept constant or unchanged
throughout the experiment to ensure that they
do not affect the outcome.
Controlled Variable
is an educated guess as to
what will happen during your experiment
Hypothesis
➔ The outcome you would observe if your
hypothesis were correct
Prediction
the process of carrying out research in an objective and
controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and
specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement.
Experimental Design
➔ A group, or various groups, are kept under
observation after implementing cause and
effect factors.
Pre-Experimental
➔ are studies that aim to evaluate interventions
but that do not use randomization.
➔ Similar to randomized trials,
quasi-experiments aim to demonstrate
causality between an intervention and an
outcome
Quasi-Experimental
➔ Participants are randomly assigned.
True Experimental Design
➔ is the process of collecting and evaluating
information or data from multiple sources to
find answers to research problems, answer
questions, and evaluate outcomes.
➔ Experiments uses Pre-Test and Post-Test as
data collection
Data Collection
➔ is the process of systematically applying
statistical and/or logical techniques to describe
and illustrate, condense and recap, and
evaluate data.
Data Analysis
➔ Are experiments in settings with high degrees
of naturalism
Field Experiment
➔ These are the canonical design for field
experiments. They compare the effects of two or more interventions or manipulations on
outcomes of interest.
Randomized Controlled Field Trials
➔ Also called waiting list designs or stepped
wedge designs
➔ Similar to randomized controlled trials.
➔ Instead of being assigned to different
treatments, all participants receive the same
treatment but at randomly assigned varying
points in time (time 1 or time 2).
Randomized Rollout Designs
➔ Researchers randomly assign a subset of
potential participants to an ‘encouragement’ to
join the treatment intervention.
➔ Participation is voluntary, and researchers
measure outcomes to assess the impact of the
encouragement on behavior change.
Encouragement Designs
➔ Downstream field experiments follow up on
completed field experiments.
➔ They involve the collection of new data from
participants in completed field experiments.
Downstream Field Experiments
➔ Hybrid lab-field experiments are field
experiments with elements of artificiality.
➔ This type of study is useful for researchers who
want to have a high level of control over
treatment administration or measurement,
while simultaneously reaping some of the field
experiment benefits discussed above.
Hybrid Lab-Field Experiments
➔ This style uses random assignment in a
naturalistic setting to measure responses to
members of subgroups within that setting that
are identifiable by some sociodemographic
(e.g., ethnic identity) or ideological (e.g.,
political affiliation) dimension.
Covert Population Experiments
➔ Individual actors who vary on one or more
important demographic dimensions are
randomly assigned to engage in the same
interpersonal transaction with a sample of
people or institutions.
Audit Studies
➔ Researchers record responses to identical
pieces of correspondence from (randomly
assigned) ‘senders’ who vary only in one
dimension of their identity, such as gender or
age.
Correspondence Studies
➔ researchers drop stamped and addressed but
clearly unmailed letters in public places, in a
randomized pattern.
Milgram’s Lost-letter Paradigm
➔ Identical to lab experiments but with a
non-standard subject pool
Artefactual
➔ Identical to Artefactual Field experiments but
with field context in either the commodity,
task, or information set that the subjects use.
Framed
➔ Identical to Framed Field experiments but the
participants know that they are in an
experiment.
Natural
➔ research involves the
manipulation of an independent variable
without the random assignment of participants
to conditions or orders of conditions.
Quasi-Experiments
