Midterms Part 2

Question 1

An is a systematic and controlled
investigation or test designed to answer a
specific question, solve a problem, or test a
hypothesis.

Answer 1

experiment

Question 2

is a factor that can be
changed, controlled, or measured to observe its effect
on the outcome.

Answer 2

variable

Question 3

➔ intentionally changed or manipulated by the
researcher to observe its effect on the outcome.
➔ The cause or input in the experiment

Answer 3

Independent Variable

Question 4

➔ Measured or observed in response to the
changes made to the independent variable.
➔ The effect or output in the experiment.

Answer 4

Dependent Variable

Question 5

➔ That is kept constant or unchanged
throughout the experiment to ensure that they
do not affect the outcome.

Answer 5

Controlled Variable

Question 6

is an educated guess as to
what will happen during your experiment

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

➔ The outcome you would observe if your
hypothesis were correct

Answer 7

Prediction

Question 8

the process of carrying out research in an objective and
controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and
specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement.

Answer 8

Experimental Design

Question 9

➔ A group, or various groups, are kept under
observation after implementing cause and
effect factors.

Answer 9

Pre-Experimental

Question 10

➔ are studies that aim to evaluate interventions
but that do not use randomization.
➔ Similar to randomized trials,
quasi-experiments aim to demonstrate
causality between an intervention and an
outcome

Answer 10

Quasi-Experimental

Question 11

➔ Participants are randomly assigned.

Answer 11

True Experimental Design

Question 12

➔ is the process of collecting and evaluating
information or data from multiple sources to
find answers to research problems, answer
questions, and evaluate outcomes.
➔ Experiments uses Pre-Test and Post-Test as
data collection

Answer 12

Data Collection

Question 13

➔ is the process of systematically applying
statistical and/or logical techniques to describe
and illustrate, condense and recap, and
evaluate data.

Answer 13

Data Analysis

Question 14

➔ Are experiments in settings with high degrees
of naturalism

Answer 14

Field Experiment

Question 15

➔ These are the canonical design for field
experiments. They compare the effects of two or more interventions or manipulations on
outcomes of interest.

Answer 15

Randomized Controlled Field Trials

Question 16

➔ Also called waiting list designs or stepped
wedge designs
➔ Similar to randomized controlled trials.
➔ Instead of being assigned to different
treatments, all participants receive the same
treatment but at randomly assigned varying
points in time (time 1 or time 2).

Answer 16

Randomized Rollout Designs

Question 17

➔ Researchers randomly assign a subset of
potential participants to an ‘encouragement’ to
join the treatment intervention.
➔ Participation is voluntary, and researchers
measure outcomes to assess the impact of the
encouragement on behavior change.

Answer 17

Encouragement Designs

Question 18

➔ Downstream field experiments follow up on
completed field experiments.
➔ They involve the collection of new data from
participants in completed field experiments.

Answer 18

Downstream Field Experiments

Question 19

➔ Hybrid lab-field experiments are field
experiments with elements of artificiality.
➔ This type of study is useful for researchers who
want to have a high level of control over
treatment administration or measurement,
while simultaneously reaping some of the field
experiment benefits discussed above.

Answer 19

Hybrid Lab-Field Experiments

Question 20

➔ This style uses random assignment in a
naturalistic setting to measure responses to
members of subgroups within that setting that
are identifiable by some sociodemographic
(e.g., ethnic identity) or ideological (e.g.,
political affiliation) dimension.

Answer 20

Covert Population Experiments

Question 21

➔ Individual actors who vary on one or more
important demographic dimensions are
randomly assigned to engage in the same
interpersonal transaction with a sample of
people or institutions.

Answer 21

Audit Studies

Question 22

➔ Researchers record responses to identical
pieces of correspondence from (randomly
assigned) ‘senders’ who vary only in one
dimension of their identity, such as gender or
age.

Answer 22

Correspondence Studies

Question 23

➔ researchers drop stamped and addressed but
clearly unmailed letters in public places, in a
randomized pattern.

Answer 23

Milgram’s Lost-letter Paradigm

Question 24

➔ Identical to lab experiments but with a
non-standard subject pool

Answer 24

Artefactual

Question 25

➔ Identical to Artefactual Field experiments but
with field context in either the commodity,
task, or information set that the subjects use.

Answer 25

Framed

Question 26

➔ Identical to Framed Field experiments but the
participants know that they are in an
experiment.

Answer 26

Natural

Question 27

➔ research involves the
manipulation of an independent variable
without the random assignment of participants
to conditions or orders of conditions.

Answer 27

Quasi-Experiments