Midterms Flashcards
Historical Highlights In Research Ethics
- Nuremberg 1947
- Tuskegee Study 1972
- Milgram Obedience Study 1963
Brutal experiments performed on the prisoners in wherein a
variety of sadistic medical experiments were conducted
on “unwilling participants”.
Nazi Camps during WWII
➔ a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment
of human participants in research
Nuremberg Code
➔ A newspaper report exposed a Public Health
Service Study
➔ nearly 400 men have been left to suffer with
syphilis long after penicillin cure was
available
Tuskegee Study in 1972
Similar examples of questionable treatment of human
participants have been found in behavioral research,
the most commonly-cited is the
Milgram Obedience Study in 1963
In 1979, the National commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research published the which
summarizes three basic Principles
The Belmont Report
➔ requires that individuals should consent to
participate in studies and those who cannot
give their consent, such as children, people
with diminished abilities and prisoners, need
to be protected.
Principle of Respect for Persons
➔ Requires that researchers not harm the
participants, minimize risks, and maximize
possible benefits.
Principle of beneficence
➔ Requires fairness in procedures.
Principle of Justice
➔ concerns the responsibility of researchers to be
honest and respectful to all individuals who
are affected by their research studies or their
reports of the studies’ results.
Research Ethics
Responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of
the individuals, both human and non-human, who
participate in the research studies;
Ethical Responsibility
➔ the explicit effort of a research to falsify or
misrepresent data
Fraud
➔ a repetition of a research study using the same
basic procedures used in the original.
Replication
➔ the unethical representation of someone else’s
ideas or words as one own views.
Plagiarism
➔ The researcher is obligated to protect
participants from physical or psychological
harm.
Do No Harm
➔ Human participants should be given complete
information about research and their roles in it
before agreeing to participate.
Informed Consent
requires the investigator to provide all
available information about a study so that an
individual can make a rational, informal
decision to participate in the study
Principle of Informed Consent
➔ Occurs when a researcher purposely withholds
information or misleads participants with
regard to information about a study.
Deception
★ The withholding of
information; the researcher
intentionally does not tell participants
some information about the study
Passive Deception (Omission)
★ The presenting of misinformation
about the study to participants.
★ The most common form is misleading the
participants about the specific purpose
of the study.
Active Deception (Commission)
➔ A post-experimental explanation of the
purpose of a study that is given to a
participant, especially if deception was used.
Debriefing
➔ The practice of keeping strictly secret and
private the information or measurements
obtained from an individual during a research
study.
Confidentiality
★ The practice of ensuring that an
individual’s name is not directly
associated with the information or
measurements obtained from that
individual.
Anonymity
➔ Observation not made on people directly but
using available records.
➔ Data obtained from public records and used as
evidence
ARCHIVES
➔ A place where things can be stored and
maintained
➔ Including any type of organization that holds
documents, including business, institutional,
and government archives, manuscript
REPOSITORY
Types of Archives
College And University Archives
Corporate Archives
Government Archives
Historical Societies
Museums
Religious Archives
Special Collections
➔ Archives that preserve materials relating to a
specific academic institution
College And University Archives
➔ Archival departments within a company or
corporation that manage and preserve the
records of that business.
Corporate Archives
➔ Repositories that collect materials relating to
local, state, or national government entities.
Government Archives
➔ Organizations that seek to preserve and
promote interest in the history of a region, a
historical period, non-government
organizations, or a subject
Historical Societies
➔ Tend to have a greater emphasis on exhibiting
those items, and maintaining diverse
collections of artifacts or artwork rather than
books and papers.
Museums
➔ Archives relating to the traditions or
institutions of a major faith, denominations
within a faith, or individual places of worship.
Religious Archives
➔ Are institutions containing materials from
individuals, families, and organizations
deemed to have significant historical value
Special Collections
➔ Type of Existing data design used to
characterize or describe existing archives or
historical documents.
Archival Research
➔ Refers to data researchers access through
community partnerships, work files, or
previous work samples.
➔ This data would be primary data. Essentially,
this is data already collected and obtained.
Analyzing Data in Hand
➔ The examination of multiple studies on the
same topic already studied in published
journals.
➔ This data would be secondary data.
Meta-Analysis
➔ Is a type of research that focuses on the
development of an individual, group, or
situation over time.
Case Study
Types of Case Study
Exploratory Case Studies
Descriptive Case Studies
Explanatory Case Studies
Intrinsic Case Studies
Instrumental Case Studies
➔ Used to explore a phenomenon when there are
few or no prior studies.
Exploratory Case Studies
➔ Provide a detailed account of a phenomenon or
situation
Descriptive Case Studies
➔ Aim to explain the reasons behind a
phenomenon.
Explanatory Case Studies
➔ Focused on the case itself, often to gain a
deeper understanding.
Intrinsic Case Studies
➔ Used to understand something broader than
the case itself.
Instrumental Case Studies
Parts of Case Study
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
➔ Introduces the topic and provides background
information.
Introduction
➔ Discusses existing research related to the case.
Literature Review
➔ Describes how the case study was conducted.
Methodology
➔ Presents the results of the research.
Findings
➔ Interprets the findings and their implications.
Discussion
➔ Summarizes the study and suggests future
research.
Conclusion
➔ the use of a computer to represent the dynamic
responses of one system by the behavior of
another system modeled after it.
Computer Simulations
A methodology used to build formal models of
real-world systems that are made up by individual
units (such as e.g. atoms, cells, animals, people or
institutions) which repeatedly interact among
themselves and/or with their environment.
Agent Based Modeling
➔ These are the individual units that make up
the system.
➔ They can be people, animals, cells, or even
abstract entities.
Agents
➔ Agents can with each other in various
ways, such as exchanging information,
competing for resources, or cooperating to
achieve a common goal.
Interactions
provides the context for the
agents’ interactions.
➔ It can include:
★ physical features (e.g., geography,
climate)
★ social structures (e.g., networks,
institutions),
★ abstract concepts (e.g., rules, norms).
environment
➔ As agents interact with each other and the
environment, new properties can emerge at
the system level that are not apparent from the
individual agents’ behaviors.
Emergent Properties
is a statistical simulation for
generating random sequences, especially for huge
simulations. It is also a widely used computer
simulation for its efficiency and reliability. Monte
Carlo is used to predict uncertain events.
Monte Carlo Simulation
is the most popular computer-aided design
and drafting software application worldwide
AutoCAD
is a research tool used to
determine the presence of certain words, themes, or
concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text).
Content analysis
➔ Determines the existence and frequency of
concepts in a text.
➔ is chosen for examination and the
analysis involves quantifying and counting its
presence
➔ The main goal is to examine the occurrence of
selected terms in the data.
Conceptual Analysis
➔ develops the conceptual analysis further by
examining the relationships among concepts
in a text.
Relational Analysis
➔ Because of the human nature of researchers,
coding errors can never be eliminated but only
minimized. Generally, 80% is an acceptable
margin for
Reliability
: the tendency for coders to
consistently re-code the same data in the same
way over a period of time.
Stability
: tendency for a group of
coders to classify categories membership in the
same way.
Reproducibility
: extent to which the classification
of text corresponds to a standard or norm
statistically.
Accuracy
