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Field Methods > Midterms > Flashcards

Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Highlights In Research Ethics

A
  1. Nuremberg 1947
  2. Tuskegee Study 1972
  3. Milgram Obedience Study 1963
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2
Q

Brutal experiments performed on the prisoners in wherein a
variety of sadistic medical experiments were conducted
on “unwilling participants”.

A

Nazi Camps during WWII

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3
Q

➔ a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment
of human participants in research

A

Nuremberg Code

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4
Q

➔ A newspaper report exposed a Public Health
Service Study
➔ nearly 400 men have been left to suffer with
syphilis long after penicillin cure was
available

A

Tuskegee Study in 1972

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5
Q

Similar examples of questionable treatment of human
participants have been found in behavioral research,
the most commonly-cited is the

A

Milgram Obedience Study in 1963

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6
Q

In 1979, the National commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research published the which
summarizes three basic Principles

A

The Belmont Report

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7
Q

➔ requires that individuals should consent to
participate in studies and those who cannot
give their consent, such as children, people
with diminished abilities and prisoners, need
to be protected.

A

Principle of Respect for Persons

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8
Q

➔ Requires that researchers not harm the
participants, minimize risks, and maximize
possible benefits.

A

Principle of beneficence

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9
Q

➔ Requires fairness in procedures.

A

Principle of Justice

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10
Q

➔ concerns the responsibility of researchers to be
honest and respectful to all individuals who
are affected by their research studies or their
reports of the studies’ results.

A

Research Ethics

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11
Q

Responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of
the individuals, both human and non-human, who
participate in the research studies;

A

Ethical Responsibility

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12
Q

➔ the explicit effort of a research to falsify or
misrepresent data

A

Fraud

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13
Q

➔ a repetition of a research study using the same
basic procedures used in the original.

A

Replication

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14
Q

➔ the unethical representation of someone else’s
ideas or words as one own views.

A

Plagiarism

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15
Q

➔ The researcher is obligated to protect
participants from physical or psychological
harm.

A

Do No Harm

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16
Q

➔ Human participants should be given complete
information about research and their roles in it
before agreeing to participate.

A

Informed Consent

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17
Q

requires the investigator to provide all
available information about a study so that an
individual can make a rational, informal
decision to participate in the study

A

Principle of Informed Consent

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18
Q

➔ Occurs when a researcher purposely withholds
information or misleads participants with
regard to information about a study.

A

Deception

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19
Q

★ The withholding of
information; the researcher
intentionally does not tell participants
some information about the study

A

Passive Deception (Omission)

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20
Q

★ The presenting of misinformation
about the study to participants.
★ The most common form is misleading the
participants about the specific purpose
of the study.

A

Active Deception (Commission)

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21
Q

➔ A post-experimental explanation of the
purpose of a study that is given to a
participant, especially if deception was used.

A

Debriefing

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22
Q

➔ The practice of keeping strictly secret and
private the information or measurements
obtained from an individual during a research
study.

A

Confidentiality

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23
Q

★ The practice of ensuring that an
individual’s name is not directly
associated with the information or
measurements obtained from that
individual.

A

Anonymity

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24
Q

➔ Observation not made on people directly but
using available records.
➔ Data obtained from public records and used as
evidence

A

ARCHIVES

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25
Q

➔ A place where things can be stored and
maintained
➔ Including any type of organization that holds
documents, including business, institutional,
and government archives, manuscript

A

REPOSITORY

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26
Q

Types of Archives

A

College And University Archives
Corporate Archives
Government Archives
Historical Societies
Museums
Religious Archives
Special Collections

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27
Q

➔ Archives that preserve materials relating to a
specific academic institution

A

College And University Archives

28
Q

➔ Archival departments within a company or
corporation that manage and preserve the
records of that business.

A

Corporate Archives

29
Q

➔ Repositories that collect materials relating to
local, state, or national government entities.

A

Government Archives

30
Q

➔ Organizations that seek to preserve and
promote interest in the history of a region, a
historical period, non-government
organizations, or a subject

A

Historical Societies

31
Q

➔ Tend to have a greater emphasis on exhibiting
those items, and maintaining diverse
collections of artifacts or artwork rather than
books and papers.

A

Museums

32
Q

➔ Archives relating to the traditions or
institutions of a major faith, denominations
within a faith, or individual places of worship.

A

Religious Archives

33
Q

➔ Are institutions containing materials from
individuals, families, and organizations
deemed to have significant historical value

A

Special Collections

34
Q

➔ Type of Existing data design used to
characterize or describe existing archives or
historical documents.

A

Archival Research

35
Q

➔ Refers to data researchers access through
community partnerships, work files, or
previous work samples.
➔ This data would be primary data. Essentially,
this is data already collected and obtained.

A

Analyzing Data in Hand

36
Q

➔ The examination of multiple studies on the
same topic already studied in published
journals.
➔ This data would be secondary data.

A

Meta-Analysis

37
Q

➔ Is a type of research that focuses on the
development of an individual, group, or
situation over time.

A

Case Study

38
Q

Types of Case Study

A

Exploratory Case Studies
Descriptive Case Studies
Explanatory Case Studies
Intrinsic Case Studies
Instrumental Case Studies

39
Q

➔ Used to explore a phenomenon when there are
few or no prior studies.

A

Exploratory Case Studies

40
Q

➔ Provide a detailed account of a phenomenon or
situation

A

Descriptive Case Studies

41
Q

➔ Aim to explain the reasons behind a
phenomenon.

A

Explanatory Case Studies

42
Q

➔ Focused on the case itself, often to gain a
deeper understanding.

A

Intrinsic Case Studies

43
Q

➔ Used to understand something broader than
the case itself.

A

Instrumental Case Studies

44
Q

Parts of Case Study

A

Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion

45
Q

➔ Introduces the topic and provides background
information.

A

Introduction

46
Q

➔ Discusses existing research related to the case.

A

Literature Review

47
Q

➔ Describes how the case study was conducted.

A

Methodology

48
Q

➔ Presents the results of the research.

A

Findings

49
Q

➔ Interprets the findings and their implications.

A

Discussion

50
Q

➔ Summarizes the study and suggests future
research.

A

Conclusion

51
Q

➔ the use of a computer to represent the dynamic
responses of one system by the behavior of
another system modeled after it.

A

Computer Simulations

52
Q

A methodology used to build formal models of
real-world systems that are made up by individual
units (such as e.g. atoms, cells, animals, people or
institutions) which repeatedly interact among
themselves and/or with their environment.

A

Agent Based Modeling

53
Q

➔ These are the individual units that make up
the system.
➔ They can be people, animals, cells, or even
abstract entities.

A

Agents

54
Q

➔ Agents can with each other in various
ways, such as exchanging information,
competing for resources, or cooperating to
achieve a common goal.

A

Interactions

55
Q

provides the context for the
agents’ interactions.
➔ It can include:
★ physical features (e.g., geography,
climate)
★ social structures (e.g., networks,
institutions),
★ abstract concepts (e.g., rules, norms).

A

environment

56
Q

➔ As agents interact with each other and the
environment, new properties can emerge at
the system level that are not apparent from the
individual agents’ behaviors.

A

Emergent Properties

57
Q

is a statistical simulation for
generating random sequences, especially for huge
simulations. It is also a widely used computer
simulation for its efficiency and reliability. Monte
Carlo is used to predict uncertain events.

A

Monte Carlo Simulation

58
Q

is the most popular computer-aided design
and drafting software application worldwide

A

AutoCAD

59
Q

is a research tool used to
determine the presence of certain words, themes, or
concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text).

A

Content analysis

60
Q

➔ Determines the existence and frequency of
concepts in a text.
➔ is chosen for examination and the
analysis involves quantifying and counting its
presence
➔ The main goal is to examine the occurrence of
selected terms in the data.

A

Conceptual Analysis

61
Q

➔ develops the conceptual analysis further by
examining the relationships among concepts
in a text.

A

Relational Analysis

62
Q

➔ Because of the human nature of researchers,
coding errors can never be eliminated but only
minimized. Generally, 80% is an acceptable
margin for

A

Reliability

63
Q

: the tendency for coders to
consistently re-code the same data in the same
way over a period of time.

A

Stability

64
Q

: tendency for a group of
coders to classify categories membership in the
same way.

A

Reproducibility

65
Q

: extent to which the classification
of text corresponds to a standard or norm
statistically.

A

Accuracy

Field Methods (3 decks)

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