MIDTERMS: L2 - CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
MOTF
- Glucose - major energy source
- Glycoprotein - storage form of energy in liver and muscles
1 true 2 false
2- glycogen
Glycoprotein - component of cell membranes
MOTF
- Linear structure of carbohydrates - haworth projection
- Cyclic structure - fisher projection
- Boat type conformation - chair conformation
1,2 false
3 true
- Linear structure of carbohydrates - fisher projection
- Cyclic structure - haworth projection
Glucose and fructose -
Glucose and glucose -
Glucose and galactose -
Glucose and fructose - sucrose
Glucose and glucose - maltose
Glucose and galactose - lactose
T OR F
Glucose, Fructose , and Lactose are Monosaccharides
F
Lactose - disaccharide
Galactose - mono
More than 10 units of sugar molecule
Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen
T OR F
Disaccharide belongs to oligosaccharides
True
T OR F
Ribose, ribulose, and xylulose are monosaccharides that are pentoses
True
MOTF
- Aldose - functional group is aldehyde
- Aldose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
- Aldose - example is fructose
1 true
2,3 false
2 - carbonyl carbon at the end
3 - fructose is a ketose
MOTF
- Ketose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
- Ketose - functional group is ketone
Both true
Compounds that have the same chemical
formula
Isomers
Isomers that differ in configuration around only
one specific carbon atom (except the carbonyl
carbon)
Epimers
T OR F
ALL ISOMERS ARE EPIMERS
True
T OR F
Glucose and galactose (differ only in
position of -OH in C4) - example of epimers
True
Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
Unlike epimers, anomers can undergo
interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called
mutarotation
OH at below
Alpha
OH above
Beta
Enzyme begins digestion
in the mouth
Salivary amylase
Enzyme present in small intestine for digestion
Pancreatic amylase
T or F
Only Monosaccharides are absorbed
True
Transporter - transfer glucose, galactose, sodium
SGLT-1
Transfer fructose towards epithelial cells
GLUT-5
Transfer all types of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose and fruc
GLUT-2
MOTF
- Transporters in luminal side - SGLT-1 and GLUT-5
- GLUT-2 - transporter in basolateral side
- GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from lumen to epithelial cells
1,2 true
3 false
3 - GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from epithelial cells to blood
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or lactate for production of energy.
Glycolysis
Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non carbohydrate source = Lactate, glycerol and amino acid
Gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy
Glycogenolysis
MOTF
- Glycogenesis - Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
- Lipogenesis - Decomposition of fats
- Lipolysis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
1 true
2,3 false
Lipolysis - Decomposition of fats
Lipogenesis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Identify if well fed state or fasting state
- Glycolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycogenesis
- Lipogenesis
- Well fed state
- Fasting state
- Fasting state
- Well fed state
- Well fed state
2 hormones produced by pancreas and their action
opposes each other
Insulin and Glucagon
If there is a high glucose level (after eating)
Beta-cells of the pancreas stimulated to release ______ into the blood
Insulin
As an effect: Body cells will take up more glucose and Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal):
Alpha cells of the pancreas stimulated to release _____ into the blood
Glucagon
As an effect: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood
TIP: BIAG
Beta cells - Insulin
Alpha cells - Glucagon
MOTF
- Epinephrine - produced in adrenal medulla
- Cortisol - produce in adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)
BOTH TRUE
MOTF
- Both GH and ACTH are produced in anterior pituitary gland
- They increase blood glucose level
BOTH TRUE
Produced in follicular cells of thyroid gland brought by the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroxine or t4
- INHIBITORY HORMONE to Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones
- Produced at Delta-cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas & GI cells
Somastostatin
- Stimulate insulin release
- Inhibit glucagon release
- Lower blood glucose level
- Secreted by enteroendocrine cells
INCRETINS
Example:
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
T OR F
Hypoglycemia - increase plasma glucose levels
False
Hypoglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels
Hyperglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels
T OR F
Hypoglycemia - caused by excessive alcohol consumption and hepatic dysfunction
True
T or F
Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include increased insulin secretion, increased glucose utilization & decreased glucose production
False
Reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization & increased glucose production
MOTF
Type I DM - need insulin for survival
Type II DM - impaired, normal, could lead to insulin required for control
Both true
Normal glucose tolerance values:
FPG -
2-h-PG -
HbA1C -
FPG - <5.6mmol/L (100mg/dL)
2-h-PG - <7.8 mmol/L (140mg/dL)
HbA1C - <5.6%
Type of DM
Due to autoimmune B-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency
Type I DM
Type of DM
Due to progressive loss of adequate B-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance
Type II
T OR F
Type 1 and Type 2 DM are preceded by a phase of abnormal glucose homeostasis as a pathologic process progresses.
True
Insulin resistance related to pregnancy
GDM
Activation of macrophage with release of IL-1 and TNF a
IFN Gamma
Activation of autoantigen-specific T cytotoxic (CD8) cells
IL-2
Activation of B lymphocytes to produce islet cells
antibodies and antiGAD 65 antibodies
IL-4
T OR F
Hyperplasia of pancreas to compensate by the insulin resistance - occurs in type II DM
True
Classical signs and symptoms of DM
- Polyuria
- Excessive urination - Polyphagia
- Increased appetite - Polydipsia
- Excessive thirst
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes
FPG ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L).
2-h PG ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L) - use of 75g anhydrous glucose
A1C ≥ 6.5% (48mmol/mol)
random plasma glucose ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L)
Criteria for defining Prediabetes
FPG 100mg/dL (5.6mmol/L) to 125mg/dL (6.9mmol/L) (IFG)
2-h PG during 75-g OGTT 140mg/dL (7.8mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L) (IGT)
A1C 5.7-6.4% (39-47mmol/mol)
Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
