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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 - LECTURE > MIDTERMS: L2 - CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

MIDTERMS: L2 - CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

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1
Q

MOTF

  1. Glucose - major energy source
  2. Glycoprotein - storage form of energy in liver and muscles
A

1 true 2 false
2- glycogen

Glycoprotein - component of cell membranes

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2
Q

MOTF

  1. Linear structure of carbohydrates - haworth projection
  2. Cyclic structure - fisher projection
  3. Boat type conformation - chair conformation
A

1,2 false
3 true

  1. Linear structure of carbohydrates - fisher projection
  2. Cyclic structure - haworth projection
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3
Q

Glucose and fructose -

Glucose and glucose -

Glucose and galactose -

A

Glucose and fructose - sucrose

Glucose and glucose - maltose

Glucose and galactose - lactose

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4
Q

T OR F

Glucose, Fructose , and Lactose are Monosaccharides

A

F
Lactose - disaccharide
Galactose - mono

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5
Q

More than 10 units of sugar molecule

A

Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen

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6
Q

T OR F

Disaccharide belongs to oligosaccharides

A

True

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7
Q

T OR F

Ribose, ribulose, and xylulose are monosaccharides that are pentoses

A

True

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8
Q

MOTF

  1. Aldose - functional group is aldehyde
  2. Aldose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
  3. Aldose - example is fructose
A

1 true
2,3 false

2 - carbonyl carbon at the end
3 - fructose is a ketose

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9
Q

MOTF

  1. Ketose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
  2. Ketose - functional group is ketone
A

Both true

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10
Q

Compounds that have the same chemical

formula

A

Isomers

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11
Q

Isomers that differ in configuration around only
one specific carbon atom (except the carbonyl
carbon)

A

Epimers

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12
Q

T OR F

ALL ISOMERS ARE EPIMERS

A

True

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13
Q

T OR F

Glucose and galactose (differ only in
position of -OH in C4) - example of epimers

A

True

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14
Q

Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each other

A

Enantiomers

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15
Q

Unlike epimers, anomers can undergo

interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called

A

mutarotation

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16
Q

OH at below

A

Alpha

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17
Q

OH above

A

Beta

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18
Q

Enzyme begins digestion

in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

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19
Q

Enzyme present in small intestine for digestion

A

Pancreatic amylase

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20
Q

T or F

Only Monosaccharides are absorbed

A

True

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21
Q

Transporter - transfer glucose, galactose, sodium

A

SGLT-1

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22
Q

Transfer fructose towards epithelial cells

A

GLUT-5

23
Q

Transfer all types of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose and fruc

A

GLUT-2

24
Q

MOTF

  1. Transporters in luminal side - SGLT-1 and GLUT-5
  2. GLUT-2 - transporter in basolateral side
  3. GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from lumen to epithelial cells
A

1,2 true
3 false

3 - GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from epithelial cells to blood

25
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or lactate for production of energy.

A

Glycolysis

26
Q

Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non carbohydrate source = Lactate, glycerol and amino acid

A

Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

A

Glycogenolysis

28
Q

MOTF

  1. Glycogenesis - Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
  2. Lipogenesis - Decomposition of fats
  3. Lipolysis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
A

1 true
2,3 false

Lipolysis - Decomposition of fats

Lipogenesis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

29
Q

Identify if well fed state or fasting state

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Glycogenolysis
  4. Glycogenesis
  5. Lipogenesis
A
  1. Well fed state
  2. Fasting state
  3. Fasting state
  4. Well fed state
  5. Well fed state
30
Q

2 hormones produced by pancreas and their action

opposes each other

A

Insulin and Glucagon

31
Q

If there is a high glucose level (after eating)

Beta-cells of the pancreas stimulated to release ______ into the blood

A

Insulin

As an effect: Body cells will take up more glucose and Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

32
Q

Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal):

Alpha cells of the pancreas stimulated to release _____ into the blood

A

Glucagon

As an effect: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood

TIP: BIAG
Beta cells - Insulin
Alpha cells - Glucagon

33
Q

MOTF

  1. Epinephrine - produced in adrenal medulla
  2. Cortisol - produce in adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)
A

BOTH TRUE

34
Q

MOTF

  1. Both GH and ACTH are produced in anterior pituitary gland
  2. They increase blood glucose level
A

BOTH TRUE

35
Q

Produced in follicular cells of thyroid gland brought by the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroxine or t4

36
Q
  • INHIBITORY HORMONE to Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones
  • Produced at Delta-cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas & GI cells
A

Somastostatin

37
Q
  • Stimulate insulin release
  • Inhibit glucagon release
  • Lower blood glucose level
  • Secreted by enteroendocrine cells
A

INCRETINS

Example:
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

38
Q

T OR F

Hypoglycemia - increase plasma glucose levels

A

False

Hypoglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels

Hyperglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels

39
Q

T OR F

Hypoglycemia - caused by excessive alcohol consumption and hepatic dysfunction

A

True

40
Q

T or F
Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include increased insulin secretion, increased glucose utilization & decreased glucose production

A

False

Reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization & increased glucose production

41
Q

MOTF
Type I DM - need insulin for survival

Type II DM - impaired, normal, could lead to insulin required for control

A

Both true

42
Q

Normal glucose tolerance values:

FPG -
2-h-PG -
HbA1C -

A

FPG - <5.6mmol/L (100mg/dL)
2-h-PG - <7.8 mmol/L (140mg/dL)
HbA1C - <5.6%

43
Q

Type of DM

Due to autoimmune B-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency

A

Type I DM

44
Q

Type of DM

Due to progressive loss of adequate B-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance

A

Type II

45
Q

T OR F

Type 1 and Type 2 DM are preceded by a phase of abnormal glucose homeostasis as a pathologic process progresses.

A

True

46
Q

Insulin resistance related to pregnancy

A

GDM

47
Q

Activation of macrophage with release of IL-1 and TNF a

A

IFN Gamma

48
Q

Activation of autoantigen-specific T cytotoxic (CD8) cells

A

IL-2

49
Q

Activation of B lymphocytes to produce islet cells

antibodies and antiGAD 65 antibodies

A

IL-4

50
Q

T OR F

Hyperplasia of pancreas to compensate by the insulin resistance - occurs in type II DM

A

True

51
Q

Classical signs and symptoms of DM

A
  1. Polyuria
    - Excessive urination
  2. Polyphagia
    - Increased appetite
  3. Polydipsia
    - Excessive thirst
52
Q

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes

A

FPG ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L).

2-h PG ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L) - use of 75g anhydrous glucose

A1C ≥ 6.5% (48mmol/mol)

random plasma glucose ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L)

53
Q

Criteria for defining Prediabetes

A

FPG 100mg/dL (5.6mmol/L) to 125mg/dL (6.9mmol/L) (IFG)

2-h PG during 75-g OGTT 140mg/dL (7.8mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L) (IGT)

A1C 5.7-6.4% (39-47mmol/mol)

54
Q

Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1 - LECTURE (4 decks)

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