MIDTERMS HAHAHAHAH Flashcards
- it is the name given to a teechnique which EXPLOITS the MAGNETIC PROPERTIES of certain nuclei
- provide useful information in qualitative and quantitative studies of medicinal agents and other organic compounds
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
____ with a strong, stable, homogenous field
MAGNET
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
____ surrounding the sample
COIL OF WIRE
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
method of SWEEPING THROUGH the spectrum
SWEEPING GENERATOR
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
COMPONENTS
- Magnet
- Radiofrequency transmitter
- Radio receiver & detector
- Coil of wire surrounding the sample
- Cell compartment
- Sweeping generator
- Recorder
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SAMPLE/ANALYTE:
used in studying CRYSTALLINE, AMORPHOUS, and BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS
SOLID
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SAMPLE/ANALYTE:
organic compounds, biomolecules, and pharmaceuticals
LIQUID
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
must be FREE of ____ or ____
protons or H+
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENTS
- CCl4
- CS2
- CDCl3
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
one of the most common solvents for H and C NMR
CDCl3
Deuterated chloroform
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
TMS or the REFERENCE STANDARD
TETRAMETHYLSILANE
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
required only for QUANTITATIVE NMR studies
INTERNAL STANDARD
- A medical technique primarily used in radiology to VISUALIZE the structure and function of the body
- it provides much GREATER CONTRAST between the different soft tissues of the body than does computed tomography (CT scan), making it especially useful in nuerological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological imaging
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
SPECIALIZED MRI
- measures the DIFFUSION of WATER MOLECULES in biological tissues
DIFFUSION MRI
SPECIALIZED MRI
DIFFUSION MRI:
* enables BRAIN MAPPING of fiber directions to examine the connectivity of different regions of the brain or to examine areas of NEURAL DEGENERATION (MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) and demyelination in diseases
DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING
DTI
SPECIALIZED MRI
DIFFUSION MRI:
* is HIGHLY SENSITIVE to the changes occuring in the lesions following an ISCHEMIC STROKE
DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING
DWI
SPECIALIZED MRI
- it is used to generate pictures of the ARTERIES in order to evaluate them for STENOSIS or ANEURYSM
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
MRA
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY:
NARROWING of arteries
STENOSIS
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY:
BULGING in blood vessels
ANEURYSMS
SPECIALIZED MRI
- It is used to measure the levels of DIFFERENT METABOLITES in body tissues
- this is used to diagnose certain METABOLIC DISORDERS, especially those affecting the brain, as well as to provide information on TUMOR metabolism
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
MRS
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY:
is also known as
3
- in-vivo MRS
- MRS imaging
- volume selective NMR spectroscopy
SPECIALIZED MRI
- measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing NEURAL ACTIVITY
- Maps ACTIVE brain region during tasks
FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI)
SPECIALIZED MRI
- it is utilized to specifically LOCATE TUMORS within the body in preparation for radiation therapy treatments
RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATION
SPECIALIZED MRI
- type of MRI that is well-suited for “INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY” where the images produced by the MRI scanner are used to guide MINIMALLY-INVASIVE PROCEDURES
- a SPECIALIZED GROWING SUBSET is that of INTRAOPERATIVE MRI in which the MRI is used in the surgical process
INTERVENTIONAL MRI
iMRI
SPECIALIZED MRI
INTERVENTIONAL MRI:
a specialized growing subset in which the MRI is used in the SURGICAL process
INTRAOPERATIVE MRI
SPECIALIZED MRI
- ULTRASOUNDS beams are focused on a tissue guided and controlled using MR thermal imaging and due to the significant energy deposition at the focus
- this can achieve precised ABLATION of diseased tissue and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment
- NON-INVASIVE alternative to surgery
MAGNETIC RESONANCE GUIDED FOCUSED ULTRASOUND
MRgFUS
SPECIALIZED MRI
MRgFUS:
ULTRASOUND BEAMS are guided and controlled using ____
MR thermal imaging
SPECIALIZED MRI
MRgFUS:
due to the significant ____, it can achieve precised ABLATION of diseased tissue
energy deposition at the focus
SPECIALIZED MRI
MRgFUS:
due to the significant energy deposition at the focus, this can achieve precised ____ of diseased tissue
ABLATION
SPECIALIZED MRI
- it is primarily a RESEARCH TECHNIQUE at present
- however, potential applications include functional imaging and imaging of ORGANS poorly seen on IH MRI (lungs and bones)
- alternative CONTRAST agents for patients who CANNOT tolerate TRADITIONAL MRI contrast
MULTINUCLEAR IMAGING
SPECIALIZED MRI
MULTINUCLEAR IMAGING:
alternative contrast agents for patients who ____
cannot tolerate traditional MRI contrast
SPECIALIZED MRI
- a NEW TYPE of contrast in MRI that allows SPECIAL DATA ACQUISITION and image processing, produces an enhanced contrast magnitude image very senstivie to VENOUS BLOOD, HEMORRHAGE, and IRON STORAGE
- it is used to enhance the detection and diagnosis of TUMORS, VASCULAR and NEUROVASCULAR diseases and also detects TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES that may not be diagnosed using other methods
SUSCEPTIBILITY WEIGHTED IMAGING
SWI
SPECIALIZED MRI
SUSCEPTIBILITY WEIGHTED IMAGING:
detects ____ that may NOT be diagnosed using other methods
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
COMMON ISOTOPES
H¹
C¹³
N⁵
Pt¹⁹⁵
F¹⁹
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
the SPIN of a nuceli is based on the nuclei’s ____
charge & mass
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
a nuclei with an ____ mass number possess MECHANICAL SPIN
ODD
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
a nuclei with an ____ mass number DO NOT possess mechanical spin
EVEN
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
only nuclei with ____ are useful in NMR studies
SPIN
MINIMUM FILL SPECIFICATIONS
if the product weighs < 60g or 60mL, its net content should be
NLT 90% of the labeled amount
MINIMUM FILL SPECIFICATIONS
if the product weighs BETWEEN 60g or mL and 150g or mL, its net content should be
NLT 95% of the labeled amount
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
- Bacillus stearothermophilus
- autoclave
- 121-130C
- 15psi
- 15-30mins
MOIST HEAT
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
MOIST HEAT
Bacillus stearothermophilus
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
- Bacillus subtilis
- oven
- glasswares
DRY HEAT
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
MOIST heat is used in
autoclave
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
DRY HEAT
Bacillus subtilis
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
DRY heat is used for
oven, glasswares
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
- Bacillus stearothermophilus
- HEAT-SENSITIVE apparatus
- PLASTIC equipments
- medical devices
ETHYLENE OXIDE
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
ETHYLENE OXIDE
Bacillus stearothermophilus
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
ETHYLENE OXIDE is used for
heat-sensitive apparatus
plastic
medical devices
- also known as CRUSHING strength, TENSILE strength or BREAKING strength
- measures the FORCE required to BREAK a tablet
HARDNESS TEST
refers to the resistance of the tablet to CHIPPING, ABRASION or BREAKAGE, under conditions of storage, transportation, and handling before usage
HARDNESS
HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS
compressible SPRING
STOKES-MONSANTO
HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS
hard PLIERS
PFIZER
HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS
AIR PUMP
STRONG-COBB
HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS
PLANTENTS
FULLY AUTOMATED
SCHELEUNIGER
(heberlein)
HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS
SUSPENDED WEIGHT
ERWEKA
- it is the ability to WITHSTAND ABRASION in packaging, handling, and shipping
FRIABILITY
FRIABILITY TEST SPECIFICATIONS:
EXISTING formulations
NMT 1% or from 0.5% - 1%
FRIABILITY TEST SPECIFICATIONS:
NEW formulations
NMT 0.8%
FRIABILITY TEST
if the weight is > 650mg per tablet
10 samples
FRIABILITY TEST
if the weight is ≤ 650mg per tablet
20 samples
FORMULA
FRIABILITY TEST:
% WEIGHT LOSS
initial - final / initial x 100
used to ensure that each tablet contains the proper AMOUNT of drug
WEIGHT VARIATION
WEIGHT VARIATION SPECIFICATIONS
Criteria 1:
* NMT 2 tabs should differ by more than the % weight variation
Criteria 2:
* NO TABLET differs by more than DOUBLE the % weight variation
TWO CRITERIA MUST BE SATISFIED
FORMULA
WEIGHT VARIATION
ave wt. x %wt variation = x
UCL = (ave wt) (x)
LCL = (ave wt) (x)
- involves MECHANICAL BREAK UP of compressed tablet into smaller granules upon ingestion
- QUALITATIVE test that measures the TIME required for a solid dosage form to disintegrate
DISINTEGRATION
DISINTEGRATION SPECIFICATION
6 tabs - if 1 or 2 fails, repeat +12
12 tabs - 15 out of 18 (NMT 3 tabs should fail)
FORMULA
BULK density
wt. of sample / untapped
FORMULA
TAPPED density
wt of sample / tapped
FORMULA
% COMPRESSIBILITY
UNtapped - tapped / UNtapped x 100
