midterms (3-5) Flashcards
– is a loaded shell for any firearm such as revolver, pistol and rifles
ammunition
– a complete unfired ammo consisting of bullet, shell, gunpowder and primer. Ammunition
and cartridge can be used interchangeably
Cartridge
– invented the 1st cartridge in 1635.
. King Gustavus Adolphus
– He invented another cartridge in 1846.
Benjamin Houllier
– A French gunsmith. He invented the 1st pin fire cartridge, and 1st pin fire gun.
6. He was born in Bonnétable and died in Paris.
Casimir Lefaucheux
developed one of the earliest cartridges known as
Flobert Cartridges, this became the forerunner of American Rim Fire Ammo.
Louis Nicolas A. Flobert
external pin is used near the head of the cartridge.
Pin-Fire Cartridge
priming mixture is place around the rim.
Rim-Fire Cartridge
priming mixture is placed in the center of the head of cartridge
Center-Fire Cartridge –
needs mechanical blow against the percussion cap.
Percussion
Shotgun cartridge contains multiple rounded projectiles
d Pellets/ Shots/ balls
A shotgun cartridge containing a single projectile of a shotgun ammo is called
Sabot Slug.
– a plastic cap that holds the shots.
Shot Cup (Stirrup)
comparable to shell/casing of ammunition of long/short arms. Prior to
1960, paper is used as casing for shotgun ammo.
tube
being bent inward to hold the shot in place.
Crimp
he thing that is being ignited that causes the tremendous pushing of bullet.
gunpowder
collective term for chemical priming compound, primer cup, anvil, and battery cup that is
being struck to ignite the powder
primer
a disk made of paper, used to hold the powder or shot.
wad
– pure lead
Drop or soft shot
hardened by antimony
Chilled or hard shot
coated with cupronicke or 70% copper and 30% nickle or steel shot
Plated shot
consists of lead balls
Buckshot
Slug – single slug with angled grooves cut into its side to spin it. This refers to Sabot slug
slug
– formed from powdered tungsten and iron, blended together and pressed into a
pellet.
Tungsten-iron Shot
a cluster of sturdy steel needles with tiny fins at their base to stabilize them in flight.
Flechette shot
a cluster of sturdy steel needles with tiny fins at their base to stabilize them in flight.
Flechette shot
– the process of military storage of ammunition or arms. Done by making a concrete bunker with
walls about a foot thick and then covered. Ammo may reach 40 years with no degradation.
igloo
– refers to the tubular casing or shell of an ammunition that holds the bullet and contains
the gunpowder.
Cartridge Case
is used secure the bullet in the shell to avoid being moved or loosened from its gripped.
crimp
used only on jacketed ammo that consists of dimples or grooves pressed
into the mouth.
Stab or Ring Crimp –
used in the cartridge with headspace on the cartridge case mouth with lead
bullets.
Taper Crimp
located at the neck that is rolled into the groove of the bullet.
Roll Crimp
rim diameter is greater than the body (Cal .38 and Cal .22)
rimmed
rim diameter is SLIGHTLY greater than the body (Cal .25, Cal .32 auto, Cal .38
Super)
semi rimmed
rim is equal with the body (Cal 5.56mm, Cal .30, 9mm, Cal .45)
Rimless
rim is smaller than the body (Cal 8mm x 59)
Rebated
a protruding metal is belted around the shell (Cal .338 magnum, 13.9 x 99)
Belted
found on the primer (particularly on the primer cup). Note: Glock Pistols
have rectangular firing pin marks.
Firing Pin Marks
found on the base of shell. Caused by the breechface.
Breechface Marks –
found on the extracting groove
Extractor Marks
located at the rim at the base of shell fired from automatic FAs.
Ejector Marks
found on the primer near the firing pin mark. It is
just a rebound or duplication of firing pin mark.
Shearing Marks (Secondary Firing Pin Marks) –
– found on the body of shell. Caused by the magazine lips during loading.
Magazine Marks
found on the body of the shell. Caused by the irregularities inside the
chamber
Chamber Marks –
found on the base of rimmed type shell. Caused by Break Type Revolver during
loading.
Pivotal Marks
found on the side of the rim. Caused by the contact between the shell and
ejection port of the FA (Pistol)
Ejector Port Marks
part of cartridge consisting of lead or jacketed projectile projected from FA. Bullets in the crime
scene are also called Slugs.
bullet
The word bullet came from the French word “boulette” which means “small ball.”
are spherical projectiles used in smoothbore FAs.
shot/ Pellets/ Balls –
French word “boulette” – means a Small ball.
In police parlance, bullet is called Slug.
In gov’t parlance, a cartridge containing bullet is called Ball Cartridge.
In small arms ammunition, bullet refers to the projectile which is Cylindrical or Cylo-conoidal.
made of lead or alloy of metals, tin and antimony.
Lead Bullets
made of lead core covered with jacket of harder material, such as gilding
metal, copper alloy approximately 90% and zinc 10%.
Jacketed Bullets
– have soft lead core inside a jacket
Ball Bullets
contains tungsten chrome steel and are fired at vehicles and other
armored targets.
Armor Piercing Bullets
contains compound at the base, usually similar to barium nitrates which set fire
when bullet is projected.
Tracer Bullets –
– contains phosphorous or other materials that can set fire. These are used for
targets such as aircrafts and/or gasoline depot.
Incendiary Bullets
– contain a high charge of explosive usually limited to 20mm and
above.
Explosive (Fragmentary Bullets)
– receives the thrust and heat from the burning gunpowder. Sometimes Gas Check is
placed to prevent melting of bullet
Base
– body of the bullet that contacts the lands and grooves in the barrel. This
should fit the bore.
Bearing Surface
– serrated groove or depression around the body of bullet, usually used in
bottle neck shell
Bullet Cannelure
– a mass of lead in a bullet covered with jacket. This sometimes, contains other metals for
other purposes
Core
– length in the portion of the bullet from the shoulder to the tip.
Head height
– the edge of the base
Heel
– covers the entire lead core, usually copper, brass, steel and aluminum.
Jacket
the diameter of the nose/ogive
Meplat diameter–
– the tapered or curved part of the bullet towards the tip of a bullet.
Ogive/ Nose
– the forward portion or tip of bullet
Point
– the end portion of the body of bullet. Bullets Designed for Handgun
Shoulder
has an exposed lead and has cavity at the tip.
jacketed Hallow Point
with more exposed lead at the tip that expand more than a hallow
point bullet.
Semi-jacketed Hallow Point
.– the lead core is enclosed by a light copper jacket, with
cone shape and flat point.
Full Metal Cone (Truncated Cone)
a solid lead bullet with rounded ogive for downrange accuracy, hard hitting,
economical, generally designed bullet for revolvers.
Lead Round Nose
a solid lead bullet, cuts clean in paper targets for precise scoring
Lead Full-Wadcutter
solid lead bullet with semi pointed nose, with sharp shoulder for clean
hole punching in paper target
Lead Semi-wadcutter –
lead core is covered with jacket except the base, results to little expansion but with
deep penetration.
Full Metal Jacket –
the lead core is enclosed by heavy copper jacket results to little or no
expansion BUT deep penetration.
Full Metal Jacket Boat Tail –
– extremely accurate designed aerodynamically.
Hallow Point Boat Tail
exposed lead on the tip of the bullet with broader point diameter. The bullet may expand
and may result to more or less 200% of the original bullet diameter
Soft Point -
– having a copper sheath with full metal jacket.
Hardball Bullet
– designed for armored penetration at a greater distance.
Depleted Uranium Bullet
– the lead core is jacketed by copper-alloy or aluminum. The jacket is designed to be
disintegrated into small pieces to cause hemorrhage.
Silver Tip Bullet
- upon reaching target, splits into fragments when hitting soft tissue creating bigger wound. It may
have stress lines around the bullet.
Fragmentation Bullet
have sharp pointed nose, more effective than the round ball of the same weight.
These have more velocity. It may travel sideways inside the target upon hitting bones/hard object. Spitz
means pointed.
Spitzer Bullets –
– include all soft point bullets, split nose bullets, hallow point bullets and jacketed
bullets with exposed lead core. These bullets are designed for expansion.
Dumdum Bullets
– designed to expand upon striking the target, thus leaving a
smaller entry but larger/bigger exit.
Mushroom Bullet (Soft Point Bullet)
has open ogive/nose designed to increase the expansion upon
hitting the target.
Hallow Point Bullet (Express Bullet)–
– is plated with gilding metal to prevent rusting and to reduce frictional
resistance in the bore
Steel Jacketed Bullet
– a solid copper with no lead core, no jacket and is heat treated for extra toughness. Upon
hitting hard target, nose peels to four razor-edge petals. Designed by Barne in 1989 and owned by Randy
Brooks.
X-Bullet
– uses a special jacket and compressed shot core with plastic tip. It has a high
performance ammunition that gives superior penetration to solid targets.
Glaser Safety Slug
– caused by the land and grooves
Rifling Marks
– caused by the initial forward movement of bullet before the rifling get the bullet
Skid Marks
caused by worn-out, oversized and oily barrel.
Slippage Marks –
– found on the nose or ogive of a bullet, done when
the bullet and the barrel are not aligned.
Shaving/Stripping Marks (Tapyas sa bala)
– caused by various parts or external objects other than the firing pin,
rifling & magazine.
Miscellaneous Marks
3 Points of Positive Identification
1. Prominent (kitang kita)
2. Significant (ang marka ay mahalaga)
3. Consistent (tuloy tuloy, parehas)
3 Test Bullets – to be used for conclusiveness of findings:
1
st Bullet – for comparison or preliminary examination;
2
nd Bullet – for confirmation
3
rd Bullet – for conclusion
