first grading Flashcards
study of the motion of the projectiles.
Ballistics
Greek word Ballo or Ballein
“to throw.”
Roman war machine Ballista
“gigantic bow or catapult”
refers to the bullet/slug/ball/pellet/flechette that passes through the barrel of FA.
Projectile
is the science of firearms identification by means of the ammunition fired through them.
Forensic Ballistics
as applied to ballistics or to any other subjects suggests a relationship to a court of justice and legal proceedings
Derived from the Latin word forensis which means “Forum,” that means “a public/market place, wherein people gathered for a discussion of a subject in issue.
Forensic
movement of projectile inside and outside barrel
motion
the forward movement of the projectile with the action of the expansive force of gases.
Direct motion
the turning of the bullet inside and outside barrel with the action of the rifling.
Rotary motion
the movement of the projectile after hitting the target
Translational motion
Also called Internal Ballistics
Study of projectile while still inside the barrel
From Breech to the Muzzle of barrel
interior ballistics
failure of cartridge to explode
Misfire
the delay of explosion
Hangfire
may happen if there is stock-up.
Breakage
created during manufacture such as spiral cutting of the grooves.
Irregularities
caused by tools used in the manufacture of the chamber.
Scratches
not polished well
Roughness
caused by the drill blade and is beyond the control of a man.
Imperfection
occurs when the shell is separated from the bullet, the shell will be pushed back to the breech face leaving such marks
Breechface Marks
refers to the fatal equivalent of a bullet.
is comparable to- “Imagine a person falls from the 9th floor of a Building. Imagine the Impact on the ground.”
energy
cause the target person to be thrown on the ground or falls down.
knocking effect
the rearward movement of the gun is caused by an equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet after the explosion.
recoil
in every action, there is a corresponding opposite reaction.
Kinetic energy principle
a gadget that is attached to the muzzle of the gun to reduce recoil.
Compensator/ Muzzle brake
is used to load the proper amount of gunpowder in every ammunition.
Ballistics Data
the bullet will just move forward with no gyroscopic stability.
Smooth-bore Barre
the stability of the bullet within the effective range due to the twist of the rifling.
Gyroscopic Stability
refers to the metal strips left by the bullet inside. These could be removed with the use of a steel brush.
Metal fowl
a lubricant substance used to prevent the adherence of Metal fowl.
Graphite
from after leaving the muzzle to before immediately hitting the target.
exterior ballistics
noise or sound created at the muzzle
Muzzle blast
the energy generated at the muzzle
Muzzle energy
the actual curve path of the bullet
Trajectory
between muzzle and target.
range
distance at which the bullet is expected to be lethal.
Effective/accurate range
maximum distance a projectile can reach
Maximum range
rate of the speed of the bullet (feet per second)
velocity
the capacity of the bullet to resist air during its flight from the muzzle of the gun.
air resistance
the dragging of the bullet downward due to air resistance.
aerodynamic drag
the deceleration of bullet on flight due to gravity.
Ballistic pendulum
allows a body at rest to remain at rest or body in motion to remain in motion.
Inertia
the unstable movement of bullet on flight such as wobbling (Tail wag) or tumbling of bullet before hitting target.
Yawing
caused by yawing of bullet resulting to hitting of target sideways resulting to oval-like entry of bullet.
Keyhole shot
the downward movement of the bullet after reaching its maximum range.
Pull of gravity
the entry of the bullet into the target.
Penetration
the bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface.
Ricochet
- the study of effects/impact of projectile to the target.
Terminal Ballistics
size of the bullet grouping on the target
Terminal accuracy
energy of the projectile upon striking the target.
Terminal energy
– depth of the bullet penetration on the target.
Terminal penetration
speed of the bullet inside the target
Terminal velocity
– science of FA identification by means of the ammunition fired through them.
. Forensic Ballistics
refers to the work of an investigator in the field.
Field investigation
refers to the examination/comparison conducted by Firearm examiner
Technical Examination
the presentation of the “Ballistics Report” on firearms, bullet, shells and
allied exhibits in court.
Legal proceedings
– receives and conducts the laboratory examination at the laboratory and transmit the
result of such examination to the requesting party.
Firearm Examiner
focused with the study of shots/pellets from smoothbore firearms like shotguns and
muskets.
Shot Ballistics
discharge single but usually multiple shots/pellets in single fire
Shotguns
another smoothbore firearm that discharges single ball in one firing
Musket
can be found at a distance of 5-8 yards .
These wads are very important in the identification of:
1. Gauge of weapon
2. Make of ammunition
Shot wads
s with the use of shotgun appear externally with a circular defect approximating the bore
of the weapon used.
Contact wounds
appears with smudges of gunpowder with cherry-red discoloration
Muzzle imprint
- Gunne – an engine of war that throws rocks, arrows or missiles.
- Gunilda
- Gon
- Gun
Origin of the word “GUN”
includes all rifles, revolvers, pistols, muskets, shotguns, carbines and all other
deadly weapons from which a projectile maybe discharged.
Firearms (Legal)
used in the propulsion of projectile by means of expansive force of gases
from burning gunpowde
Firearms (Technical) –
– designed to be fired from the shoulder.
rifle
smoothbore FA designed to shoot single pellet.
musket
smoothbore FA designed to shoot several pellets
shotgun
– a handgun with rotating cyclinder. Kinds are Solid Frame (S.Colt), Swing-out (US), and
Breaktop (UK). As to firing mechanism, it could be single or double action.
revolver
a handgun that could be semi-auto or auto/full auto. Processes include: loading, cocking and
firing.
pistol
(Cal 2.7mm, 5 shots) is the smallest pistol in the World, made in 1914
Kolibri auto pisto
considered the most powerful handgun in the world. It replaced Magnum .44.
Caliber .50
– a caliber .30 smooth-bore FA invented by David “Carbine” William having a barrel of not
more than 22 inches.
carbine
– a FA that requires manually cocking the hammer before pressure upon the trigger
when firing.
single action
a FA in which pressure upon the trigger automatically releases the hammer. This
cycle is done every time the trigger is depressed.
Double action
no rifling (lands and groove) such as Shotguns, muskets and liberator.
Smooth-bore FA
– contain rifling inside the barrel such as pistols, revolvers and rifles.
Rifled-bore FA
include FA with one inch or less bore diameter. Examples: Shoulder arms, Handguns
& Machine Guns
small arms
– more than one inch bore diameter. Examples: Cannons, Mortars, etc.
Artillery
were set even before the manufacture of FAs. These are factory
specifications.
Class Characteristics
determined after the manufacture of FA.
Individual Characteristics
shoot only one shot
Single shot firearms
– loaded with more than one cartridge in the chamber.
Repeating arms –
– breech closure is in line with the bore at all times
bolt action type
the breech mechanism is cycled by an external lever below the receiver
Lever action type
a movable forearms is actuated which is parallel to the barrel.
Slide/Pump Action
requires a separate pull of trigger for each shot fired
Semi-automatic type –
feeds cartridges, fires and ejects as long as trigger is depressed.
Automatic action type
sed by military on combat. This is seldom encountered
by firearms examiner. The largest gun ever used in combat was Gustav Gun.
Machine gun type – (Heavy Machine Gun)
- A light and portable machine gun
Sub-machine gun type (Light Machine Gun) -
Loads, closes, fires and deloads single cartridge.
Single barreled shotgun
Side by side barrel or over and under
Double barreled shotgun
The operated by means of sliding lever under the
barrel
Pump action type Shotgun/ Slide Action
The same as auto loading rifles, the recoil action reloads the gun from
the magazine.
Auto-loading shotguns
A muzzle-rifled at the last 2-3 inches of the barrel, used
to spin the paradox bullet. Invented by Holland and Holland
paradox gun
fire tear gas and other forms of disabling gases
gas guns
designed for wild animals. It could be with the use of bullet of poison charge.
traps
These are known as Freakish Devices
Cane gun & Knife pistol
maybe used to drive stud, punch holes, and which are also capable of accidentally firing live
ammunition.
tools
homemade guns in various designs.
. Zip guns (US) Paltik (Phils) –
Have 2 or more barrels in one firearm.
Multi-barreled guns
made by the US Government capable of firing .45 cartridges, single shot and smoothbore
Liberator
used in sending signals and used in seeing enemies in the dark
. Flare guns
e used in hunting large fish.
Harpoon Guns
making of hole of barrel with the use of barrel blank.
Drilling
with the drilled hole, it is being reamed from breech end to muzzle to remove
imperfections, scratches and irregularities. This operation undergoes 1) Roughing, 2) Finishing 3)
Burnishing.
reaming
the construction of rifling inside the barrel. Tools used are: 1) Cutter 2) Scraper 3)
Broach 4) Button.
broaching
smoothening/polishing of the inner surface of the barrel.
lapping
he mechanical wear and tear barrel due to rust caused by gunpowder residues during
firing.
corrosion
the mechanical wear and tear of barrel due to abrasion/friction caused by incorrect bullets
erosion
includes rim-fire handguns, cal .380 or cal .32 and other FA of similar firepower.
Illegal possession/manufacture of such is penalized by correctional in its maximum period and a fine of
15,000.
Low Powered FA
PD 1866 - Firearm law of the Philippines
includes those with bores of bigger in diameter than cal .38 and 9mm such as .40,
.41, .44, .45.
High Powered FA –
RA 8294 – amended PD 1886 (Approved June 6, 1997)
Complete Title: “Codifying the laws on illegal/unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition
or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives or instruments used in the manufacture of firearms,
ammunition and explosives, and imposing stiffer penalties for certain violation thereof”
RA 10591 – The NEWEST law on firearms in the Philippines. This is known as the “Comprehensive
Firearm Law .“
is issued to private individuals for their personal firearm and to security
agencies/company guard forces for firearms to be used by their security guards;
- Regular license (RL)
issued to government officials and employees for privately owned firearms;
Special permit (SP)
issued to private firms, establishment, or corporations for firearms
to be used and being used by their employees, excluding security guards;
Long regular license (LRL)
issued to private employee who was issued by his employer a
firearm covered by LRL.
Short regular License (SRL)
– issued to government agencies or offices and
government owned and controlled corporations for firearms to be used by their officials and
employees, excluding security guards; and
Long certificate of registration (LCR
issued to government official or employee who was
issued by his employer a firearm covered by LCR.
Short certificate of registration (SCR
a written authority granted to licensees or their authorized representatives
to move firearms from sources to residence, firing ranges and other authorized destinations.
. Transport permit (TP)
a written authority issued by PNPFED to accredited
gun club members for the purpose of transporting unloaded firearms and ammunition from residence
to firing ranges and vice-versa. A maximum duration of 90 days is granted to gun club members.
Transport permits for gun club members
– a written authority for a person to possess in his
residence a licensed firearm and an authorized quantity of ammunition.
License to possess firearm and ammunition
– a written authority issued to any person by
the PNP Chief for the duration and purpose specified therein.
Permit to carry firearm outside residence (PTCFOR
Residence - where the firearm and
ammunition are being permanently kept. It includes - office or house and premises of the house enclosed
by walls and gate separating said premises from adjacent properties. Any vehicle is not an extension of
a residence.
issued for lawful hunting
hunting permit
serves as FA license for Security Guards.
Duty detail order (DDO)
s a document that proves receipt of issued FA to PNP Personnel.
This shall serve as FA License to members of PNP.
Acknowledgement Receipt (Are) –
- issued to PNP personnel when intending to carry FA
outside residence. This shall serve as “PTC.” This document indicates what firearm is issued to the
members of a team with specific mission.
Mission order (MO) or Letter Order (LO)
